About the secrets of membrane shoes. How Gore-Tex and other membrane fabrics work Secrets of technology ― The GORE-TEX membrane is a unique, multi-layer, revolutionary material

29.02.2024

Millions of people buy a variety of shoes every day. However, most of us are guided by price, brand, fashion concepts, and appearance when purchasing. WE want to draw your attention to such properties of shoes as QUALITY and COMFORT.

After all, your comfort and health, in many ways, is just a matter of wearing the right shoes.

Why buy shoes with a membrane? What's happened membrane, GORE-TEX technology (Gortex) in shoe production?

(information provided by the manufacturer). Why Gore-Tex?

Goretex - This is a highly waterproof, breathable material manufactured by W. L. Gore & Associates,This is a three-layer system consisting of an outer material, the membrane itself and a lining (inner fabric). The main properties of the material are provided by the membrane. The Gortex membrane is a very thin fluoroplastic film (by the way, fluoroplastic, like nylon, Kevlar, lycra and much more, was invented by DuPont), the peculiarity of which is that it has a huge number of holes per unit area.

1. Why is a membrane needed in shoes? - TO CARRY ANYWHERE. This Excellent protection for your feet in all weather and geographical conditions.

In cold, hot and wet conditions, on rocks, gravel, asphalt, your feet have no natural protection. As soon as our feet begin to overheat or freeze, we immediately feel discomfort. And this can harm our health. Membrane shoes GORE-TEX protects us while being at the same time waterproof and breathable. Thanks to the microporous structure of the membrane, it does not let water in, but at the same time allows moisture evaporated by the skin to come out. Therefore, your feet ALWAYS remain dry and warm. In addition, the products GORE-TEX to the highest degree environmentally friendly and meets modern safety requirements, such as Oeko-Tex. And finally, thanks to sophisticated manufacturing technology and high strength, products with a membrane GORE-TEX unusually durable, which conserves natural resources and helps not pollute the environment.

2. Secrets of technology - Membrane GORE-TEX is a unique, multi-layer, revolutionary material.

Original membrane GORE-TEX has more 1.4 billion microscopic pores per 1 square centimeter. Their size is 20,000 times smaller water drops, so water does not pass through the membrane. At the same time, the membrane pores are approximately 700 times larger water molecules, therefore, water vapor (sweat) can escape freely. Therefore, in such shoes your feet are always dry and comfortable. For protection and durability membranes GORE-TEX it is attached to a high quality textile base. Situated between the lining and outer material of the shoe, the membrane provides feet with comfort in a wide range of weather conditions. Thermal properties are regulated by the correct selection of a heat-insulating layer, the thickness of which depends on the purpose of the shoe. So in sneakers - these can be 3 inner layers, providing both breathability and effective heat dissipation, to ensure comfort for the feet even during intense physical activity and in the heat: “comfortable, dry and cool” technology; in boots and boots this can be 4 inner layers with different thicknesses of insulation (thin or thick thermal insulation, for example, wool or textiles, protected by a membrane from getting wet, do not lose their properties under any climatic conditions, providing high-quality protection from cold or heat: technology " dry and comfortable" or "dry, comfortable and warm".

This is what the membrane manufacturer calls “climate control”: feet remain dry and at optimal temperature in a wide variety of activities at any time of the year, in any weather.

Before shoes with membrane GORE-TEX reaches the store , it undergoes rigorous testing under real-life conditions. Each component is tested, from the outer material and filler to the seams and lining, as well as the entire product for water resistance, breathability and durability. Whatever the scope of use the boot is intended for, it must meet all quality standards, because the brand GORE-TEX has been identified primarily with comfortable and high-quality footwear and clothing for over 30 years.

3. Secrets of using and caring for membrane shoes. GORE-TEX shoes are easy to care for, but there are some features:

The breathability of outer shoe materials, which are dominated by textiles and nubuck, is significantly reduced if the surface of the shoe is wet or dirty. Dust or dirt accumulated on the surface of the shoe absorbs moisture, including evaporation from the inside, and forms a thin film. Well, oily substances not only block pores, but also actively attract dust. Therefore, the surface of membrane shoes must be clean and dry, only then will the membrane technology “work”.

That’s why it’s so important to clean the surface of membrane shoes from dust, dirt and oils: WASH THE DIRT moderately warm water. For leather shoes with a membrane, use a brush. Wash shoes with textile uppers with a sponge. Do not overdo it with detergents, because... They wash away the water and dirt repellent treatment of the top layer.

Shoe care products: use only water-based products.

Care products based on fats or oils will disrupt the functioning of the membrane.

PRODUCTS WITH A GORE-TEX MEMBRANE DO NOT NEED TO BE TREATED WITH WATER REPELLENT COMPOUNDS. However, this treatment will help protect the outer material of the shoe (shoe upper) from moisture and dirt.

Cannot be dried membrane shoes near heat sources - radiators or heaters - this can lead to destruction of the integrity of the membrane and, as a result, loss of the membrane’s properties. If you decide to dry such shoes, it is best to remove the insole and dry the shoes in natural conditions.

CHOOSING SOCKS when using membrane shoes:

Of course, the Gore-Tex membrane will work no matter what kind of socks you wear, BUT - the disadvantage of regular cotton socks is that they absorb moisture (which is not bad in regular shoes). In Gortex shoes, this property of cotton impairs thermal insulation and sweat removal, resulting in feet remaining cold and damp. You can wear wool socks with winter boots and low shoes with a goretex membrane. They combine the advantages of high-quality wool and modern functional fibers. It is best to use socks made of synthetic fibers or thermal fibers.

4. Which shoe brands use original GORE-TEX membranes? - ARA, CAMEL ACTIVE, PANAMA JACK

Gore-Tex membrane analogues

Due to the development of membrane technologies, there are now various membranes produced in Europe, South Korea and Japan, used by leading shoe brands: gabortex from Gabor, riekertex from Rieker, duotex from Tamaris, European Simpatex and others.

GORE-TEX technology is a thin and uniform membrane that blocks wind and water while still being breathable.

In 1969, Bob Gore discovered a special process for processing polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), and this served as the starting point for the use of polymers in the textile industry. The first fabric called GORE-TEX® appeared in 1978. It began a revolution in materials that changed all ideas about clothing for sports, and then the city.

PTFE polymer is a unique material, one of the most chemically resistant and plastic in the world. PTFE is mechanically stretched to form a thin film - a microporous membrane. The secret of the GORE-TEX® membrane is that it is a two-component composite. The porous ePTFE film is hydrophobic, that is, it repels water. It integrates oleophobic, i.e. grease-repellent, a substance that allows water vapor to pass through the membrane and creates a physical barrier for fatty substances that pollute the pores (sweat, cosmetics, repellents).

The GORE-TEX® membrane guarantees 100% waterproofness. It contains about 1.4 billion pores per 1 square meter. cm, but the pore size is 20,000 times smaller than a drop of water. This prevents water at a pressure of no more than 30 bar (= 30 m of water column) from passing through it. For comparison: rain in urban conditions creates a pressure of 5-7 m of water column.

The GORE-TEX® membrane is breathable. The pore size of the membrane is 700 times larger than the size of a water vapor molecule, so evaporation penetrates through the membrane and is carried out. The movement of steam occurs due to the difference in pressure on different sides of the membrane during the process of diffusion. This process is especially effective when it is dry and cool outside, but warm and humid under your jacket. If it’s warm and humid outside (light rain +20, humidity 95%), then there will be some movement of moisture, but it will be insignificant. Breathability varies between different GORE-TEX® membrane materials and is rated on the RET* scale.

The GORE-TEX® membrane guarantees 100% wind resistance. Thanks to the fine-fiber structure of the membrane, cold air becomes entangled in a labyrinth of micropores, forming vortices. On the other hand, GORE-TEX® retains heat inside the clothing, and thus creates a comfortable microclimate: sweat evaporates, but warmth remains.

The GORE-TEX® membrane is used in the manufacture of fabrics and, in fact, determines the “wonderful properties” of these fabrics. The result is a fabric that does not allow water to pass through, becomes a reliable barrier to the wind and, most importantly, “breathes” - that is, it allows the moisture released by the body to evaporate.

GORE-TEX® materials are highly durable and long lasting. The fabrics on which the membrane is applied are specially selected so that their texture does not allow water to completely clog the pores of the membrane, otherwise the “breathing” properties of the material will be impaired. All garments using GORE-TEX® membrane materials are created only by licensed manufacturers. Compliance with all technological requirements for working with Gore-Tex materials, the most important of which is the treatment of seams with a special waterproof tape, is controlled directly by W.L. Gore & Associates.

The functional properties, convenience and comfort of products made from GORE-TEX® materials determine their widest use. Fashionable casual clothing, as well as clothing, hats, shoes, tents, sleeping bags for outdoor enthusiasts, athletes, rescuers, paramilitary structures, high-altitude extreme tents - this is not a complete list of applications for GORE-TEX® materials.

* RET is an indicator of the vapor permeability of a material and its ability to breathe, determined in laboratory conditions. RET characterizes the fabric's resistance to the movement of thermal evaporation, therefore, the lower this indicator, the better the material breathes.

GORE-TEX® Fabrics

Classic GORE-TEX® guarantees complete waterproof protection and comfort during sports, travel and everyday use.

GORE-TEX® 2-layer - the membrane is knurled on the reverse side of the outer fabric, protected from the inside by a free-hanging lining fabric. The most popular membrane fabric for universal use, soft and lightweight, with good vapor permeability.

Vapor permeability: less than 90 RET
Wind protection: 100%

Application: urban clothing, skiing and snowboarding, hiking, cycling, golf, etc.

GORE-TEX® 3-layer is a pioneer of membrane materials, the fabric that started the GORE-TEX revolution.

Vapor permeability: less than 130 RET
Wind protection: 100%

Application: skiing, cycling, hiking, urban wear.

GORE-TEX® XCR®

Fabric that provides maximum comfort during active sports in any weather and season. GORE-TEX® XCR breathes on average 25% more than classic GORE-TEX. The structure of the fabric is similar to the classic 2- and 3-layer GORE-TEX, but the membrane and materials are thinner, lighter and stronger.

GORE-TEX® XCR® 2-layer - the membrane is laminated on the reverse side of a durable outer fabric, the garment has a loose lining of mesh or other material.

Water resistance: minimum 28 meters
Vapor permeability: less than 45 RET
Wind protection: 100%

Application: alpine skiing and snowboarding, rock climbing, hiking, multisport.

GORE-TEX® XCR® 3-layer - the membrane is laminated between a durable outer and inner fabric made of a very thin and fine mesh, the lightest material among laminates with one of the best vapor permeability values. The fabric has high wear resistance and tensile strength. The choice of professionals.

Water resistance: minimum 28 meters

Wind protection: 100%

GORE-TEX® XCR® Stretch - fabric structure similar to 3-layer GORE-TEX®. The outer fabric is very durable PA Cordura with elastane, the inner fabric is made of PA and also contains elastane, and a special elastic GORE-TEX® XCR® Stretch membrane is glued between them. Clothes made from such a laminate are very comfortable and durable, do not restrict movement, providing complete protection from wind and rain, and at the same time have high vapor permeability.
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Water resistance: minimum 28 meters
Vapor permeability: less than 60 RET
Wind protection: 100%

Application: mountaineering, rock climbing, cycling, skiing, multisport.

GORE-TEX® PACLITE®

Lightweight membrane fabric designed specifically for trekking and cycling. Garments made from Gore-Tex® Paclite® are the lightest possible weight and don't take up much space. Instead of inner fabric, the new Gore-Tex® Paclite® uses a thin layer of carbon fiber and a grease repellent to prevent clogging of the membrane's pores. Thus, the fabric breathes well, does not get wet, and it is much lighter than the classic GORE-TEX® and GORE-TEX® XCR laminate, although it is somewhat inferior to them in strength.

Water resistance: minimum 28 meters
Vapor permeability: less than 40 RET
Wind protection: 100%

Application: mountaineering, rock climbing, cycling, hiking, multisport.

GORE-TEX® Soft Shell

A whole family of membrane fabrics that are softer and warmer than classic GORE-TEX®. The membrane is located between a durable outer material and a soft and warm inner one. Flannel, fleece or Polartek can be used as internal insulation. The outer material can be fleece, Polartec or woven and/or stretchy. GORE-TEX® Soft Shell clothing allows you to reduce the number of layers, combining protective and insulating functions. It protects from rain and wind, breathes well, and is usually used as a middle layer.

Application: mountaineering, alpine skiing and snowboarding, cross-country skiing, ice climbing.

In order not to get wet in the rain, it is enough to wear the most ordinary oilcloth raincoat: it will do the job perfectly if you are just standing outside. But if you try to run in a raincoat, then within a few minutes you will be thoroughly wet, but not because of the rain, but because of the condensation of the vapors from your body released when. And if you get wet in the cold, you can quickly freeze and get sick, so you shouldn’t experiment.

Story

When running and other physical activities in the rain or snow, it is necessary to solve two problems at once: not to allow water to pass through from the outside and to remove fumes from the inside. Until the second half of the 20th century, preference was given to the first solution: jackets and other clothes for rain were made waterproof, but at the same time “non-breathable”. But in 1969, Bill and Robert Gore, father and son, invented a membrane fabric that could hold water on one side and allow water vapor to pass through. They called this fabric Gore-Tex.

In 1976, the first line of clothing using this membrane was released, and in 1981, the crew of the space shuttle Columbia wore spacesuits made using Gore-Tex fabric.

Technology

Gore-Tex and other membranes are made up of microscopic pores, more than 1 billion per square centimeter. The size of these pores is 20,000 times smaller than a drop of water, but 700 times larger than a molecule of water vapor. It turns out that raindrops cannot penetrate inside, and evaporation goes outside unhindered. The membrane thickness is only 0.01 mm.

In order not to give water the slightest chance, clothes with membranes usually use special water-repellent zippers, and the seams are made in a special way. In addition, they are also sealed from the inside with a special tape.

gore-tex.com

Modern Gore-Tex clothing typically consists of three layers: an outer shell, a membrane, and a lining. The top layer is coated with a special compound called DWR (Durable Water Repellent - wear-resistant water-repellent material) and does not allow drops to linger on the surface. Over time, this coating wears out and the top layer begins to get wet. But the membrane itself does not allow water to pass through; it simply cannot remove evaporation outside as effectively, and moisture condenses inside. And many people mistakenly consider this a sign that the jacket has begun to get wet.

The same effect is possible in winter, when snow sticks to shoes or clothes and prevents them from “breathing.” In some cases, the characteristics of a DWR coating can be restored using a special spray.

gore-tex.com

Classification

The main characteristics of any clothing with a membrane are two indicators:

Water resistance in millimeters. To measure it, take a tube with a diameter of 2.5 cm and place it on the fabric. It is measured how many millimeters the tube can be filled with water before the membrane begins to let liquid through.
Breathability in grams. How many grams of water vapor can pass through a square meter of fabric per day?

These indicators are displayed in the form of two numbers, for example 10,000 mm/10,000 g. The table below will help you figure out how to translate these characteristics into understandable language.

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For city jogging, a jacket with a rating of 10,000 mm/10,000 g should be enough. But if you are planning to run trails in the mountains and be exposed to rain or snow for a long time, then it is better to choose something more serious, from 20,000 mm and above.

There are three main categories of membrane fabrics:

Everyday.
Professional.
For active sports.

Membranes from the first category, obviously, are intended for everyday wear; they can often be found in autumn and winter clothes or shoes. The latter are used in the manufacture of professional clothing, for example for climbers or. Well, as you probably already guessed, we need products made from fabric of the third category. Membranes for active sports are lighter and more breathable than others because they need to have time to remove more heat from the runner's or cyclist's body, which is heated by activity. In the Gore-Tex line, the family of such “active” fabrics is called Gore-Tex Active, so when choosing clothing for sports, you need to pay attention to those that use this type of membrane.

Remember that you cannot choose the cheaper option, because the main difference between good clothes and bad ones is their service life. In the first months, you may not notice the difference, but over time, the characteristics of a cheap jacket - primarily in terms of heat dissipation - can significantly deteriorate, and a high-quality membrane will be almost like new.

Care

In order for clothing with a membrane to serve you as long as possible and not lose its properties over time, it is necessary to take care of it. Such clothes should be washed in a washing machine separately from other items at a temperature of no more than 40 degrees and using a small amount of liquid detergent. Powder, stain remover and bleach are contraindicated. Well, don’t wring it out, because this can lead to the formation of wrinkles.

The Gortex membrane is a very thin fluoroplastic film (by the way, fluoroplastic, as well as nylon, Kevlar, lycra and much more were invented by DuPont), the peculiarity of which is that it has a huge number of holes per unit area. These holes are very small in size, so water molecules in the form of steam pass through them, but drops (due to the fact that they are many times larger than molecules) do not pass through.

W. L. Gore & Associates also claims that the holes are so small that they do not become clogged with dirt (“the properties of the membrane do not change with time and dirt”).

You need to understand that with heavy physical work (walking uphill with a backpack), you will definitely sweat. But the peculiarity of good membrane materials (and Gore-tex in particular) is that when you stop to rest, you will dry without removing jackets .

The water resistance of Gore-Tex is about 20,000 mm water column (let me remind you that fabrics with a water resistance of 2,000 mm according to the DIN standard are considered waterproof). Why do we need such high water resistance - after all, tent awnings use fabric with a water resistance of 1000 to 5000 mm. It’s just that different forces act on clothes and in some places the pressure can exceed 10,000 mm - this is the so-called point pressure, which develops on the shoulders when rubbing water with the straps of a backpack, when walking on wet grass, etc. The maximum point pressure is when a football player kicks the ball. A high level of water resistance also provides a certain “margin of safety”, which becomes in demand as the material ages.

W. L. Gore & Associates tests any fabric for future use with the membrane gore-tex. So, if a manufacturer buys a fabric with a membrane already glued and wants to use his own lining, he must send a sample of the lining to the company. She will test it and give a conclusion: can this lining be used in the system.

The lining should simply be a light, thin, easily breathable fabric.

The outer fabric is a complex fabric. It must be strong, beautiful, wear-resistant and create minimal resistance to the movement of air vapor. At the same time, the fabric must work in difficult conditions. Imagine that you are walking in heavy rain and your outer fabric gets wet - you get a water film on a nylon base. She's not breathing at all. Or, everything is the same, but splashed with dirt. Dirt doesn't breathe either. So the outer fabric must have a very good water-repellent treatment that does not form a continuous film and does not interfere with the movement of steam. You should not use aerosol for umbrellas or tents to restore the water-repellent properties of Gortex products. An example of a well-treated fabric - on it drops of water do not spread along the fibers, but remain in the form of drops.

Wash. It is not recommended to wash products made from frequently. This causes the fabric to lose many properties. Moreover, it’s not so much membrane, how much fabric is rolled on membrane. Frequent washing can also lead to mechanical damage to the membrane - peeling, ruptures, etc.

The problems with washing products made from are not that washing powder can damage the breathable properties of the membrane (this is quite difficult due to the small size of the holes), but that ordinary washing powder washes off the protective layer from the fabric and it begins to absorb water. As soon as the outer fabric is saturated with water, it begins to create problems for the free movement of water vapor and the fabric simply stops breathing.

Therefore, the outer fabric must be constantly looked after, washed only with a special composition and after washing, additional treatment must be carried out.

In winter, when it's cold, the problem of Gore-Tex freezing appears.

Conducts water vapor, but as is known, there is a difference between water vapor and fog. Steam is water molecules fog It is a suspension of water droplets in the air. In one sentence, fog is condensed steam. Therefore, in order for steam to pass through the membrane, the temperature at the membrane surface must be above the dew point. This is the temperature at which air vapor condenses into fog(for those who don’t remember physics). For normal conditions it is 5-10 degrees. If it's -20 outside and you're outside jackets+10, then you are definitely not sweating - you have problems with hypothermia and most likely in another hour you will die from hypothermia. Accordingly, under normal conditions, water vapor condenses on the inside of the membrane and freezes. It is impossible to fight this - just remember to shake out the frozen ice before getting into the tent.

The cost of the membrane is low, since the production process has been well established for a long time, but!

If a company wants to manufacture Gore-Tex products, it must obtain special permission from W. L. Gore & Associates. The license is issued to well-known companies that have been operating in the market for a long time and have a good reputation. The company must have a certified production facility - a representative of W. L. Gore & Associates visits it and certifies it for the production of Gore-Tex products. The production must have appropriate equipment, and its quality must meet the company’s standards. Next, the manufacturer will be required to purchase a special sizing machine, also certified by W. L. Gore & Associates. Because of which, of course, it will be somewhat more expensive than a regular car. To undergo training for a person who will work with this machine is still a certain amount of money. Plus, purchase a minimum amount of fabric.

Wholesale fabric costs 40-90 German marks per linear meter. Next, you will buy a special Gortex sizing tape. All these costs lead to the fact that even if products from Gortex are produced in Russia, the price for it, if not equal to the world price, will be very close to it.

You will pay 200 dollars for a jacket or more both in Russia and abroad.

It makes sense for the buyer to understand the mechanical differences between fabrics. This still happens, although very rarely, Gore-Tex Z-Liner is a separate outer fabric, a separate one inside membrane, and then - a separate lining. This option was the cheapest to manufacture and is now rarely used, since it is very difficult to preserve the membrane for a long time during active use. The next series of Gore-Tex Light is rolled onto the lining - this allows you to produce products with a complex cut with a minimum number of taped seams (usually the lining is cut much simpler than the outer fabric).

The most popular option is 2-Layer laminates - the membrane is rolled onto the outer fabric, and either mesh, or special thermal knitwear, or a nylon lining is used for the lining. This fabric has the best vapor permeability characteristics, and the price depends on the structure of the lining and the manufacturing technology of the clothing.

The third fabric option is Gortex 3-Layer laminates - the outer fabric and the lining are glued into one sandwich, and the lining is a very rare nylon mesh, practically fused into the membrane. This is the lightest version of Gore-Tex, since the items are made in a single layer, and therefore they dry very easily. This is the most expensive fabric option.

W. L. Gore & Associates has a lot of competitors - from little-known Korean manufacturers to large companies with well-known brands. Some of the most famous names are European Sympatex and Dermizax* from the Japanese company Toray. They differ from Gortex in their core: the film has no pores. It contains free chemical bonds, due to which water vapor is transferred like a conveyor from the inside of the film to the outside. Firms promise high waterproof, comparable to Gortex.

There is another type of membrane that is produced by many companies: polyurethane (fluoroplastic). Ultrex®, Entrant*, etc. There are a huge variety of fabrics with the prefix “tex” - these are, as a rule, fabrics from various Korean factories, known in Russia under the general name Hypora or simply “membrane fabric”.

Instead of a conclusion.

This is a good, modern waterproof fabric with fairly high breathability. (You can feel the difference when wrapped in polyethylene, you will sweat much more in it.) Provided you are dressed correctly (microfiber, thermal underwear , fleece and no cotton or wool), you will be quite dry and comfortable. So the problem of Gore-Tex clothing should be given special attention.

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Universal trekking boots Upper 2 mm hydrorepellent Suede leather + Flex Tec 2 2 mm water-repellent suede + Flex Tec 2 Lining Gore-Tex Insulated Comfort Breathable lining Gore-Tex membrane Inner sole 7 mm Nylon with increased thickness 7 mm nylon with increased thickness in anti-torsion area Vibram outsole IBS Vibram, Impact Brake System. Welt for crampons The welt of the boot has a special shape of the heel and toe for attaching so-called “hard” crampons or only the heel for attaching semi-rigid crampons. With other boots, you can use soft crampons that do not require special attachment points. no Area of application Trekking Mountain hiking Size 38-48 through 0.5 Pair weight 1300 g Color: Antracite / Red Gray Musk Description Distinctive features: tight fit, good ankle support, providing freedom of movement. Ideal for difficult trekking and impassable trails thanks to the sole with an emergency braking system. Updated version for 2008 with new Vibram outsole. A technically updated 2007 model, the advantages of which are the emergency braking system, which allows shock absorption and provides maximum traction on any surface when sliding and braking. At the ankle level, the 3D Flex multi-directional closure system is used to provide both ankle protection and maneuverability. Its performance and new outsole make it ideal for trail running on hard ground, challenging trekking and hiking with a heavy backpack. There is also a special women's model, made based on the characteristics of the female foot. Upper: 2mm water-repellent suede + Flex Tec 2 Lining: Gore-Tex ® Insole: 7mm high-density nylon under the heel against curling Outsole: Vibram ® with emergency braking Sizes: 36-48 in 0.5 Weight: 1300 g / pair Advantages and features allows the ankle to move freely, while providing sufficient fixation outer fabric that “breathes” and does not allow moisture to pass through outsole designed to reduce the impact load when walking and running Vibram rubber model made of genuine leather Care instructions Clean boots after each use. All external and internal hinges should be thoroughly cleaned and dried to reduce the risk of rust on metal products. Care for the leather outside and inside the shoe using special products. Leave the boots to dry outdoors, away from direct sunlight and away from heating devices. La Sportiva recommends choosing your boot size carefully: your foot should fit well in the last. By keeping your foot snug in the boot, you minimize the risk of tearing the Gore-Tex inner membrane. After each use, boots must be cleaned of dirt and dust by rinsing under a gentle stream of water. If necessary, the insole can be removed and the boots themselves can be placed in a cool, dry place for ventilation. It is best to remove the insole after each use and shake out any gravel that may have accidentally gotten inside the shoe and could damage the integrity of the Gore-Tex membrane. Do not place newspaper or other paper inside the boots as this may slow down the drying of the boots. Never dry your boots in the open sun or near heating devices. Never treat the upper materials with oil-containing products as this may adversely affect the waterproof performance and overall lifespan of the boot. We recommend Nikwax water-repellent products for the care of your shoes. These products are suitable for caring for models with a Gore-Tex membrane. Products must be applied to a damp surface to improve absorption into the boot fabric. The effect of this product lasts quite a long time, but not permanently. The product can be reapplied as needed or after each use in harsh conditions. GORE-TEX CARE We recommend using a water-based, wax-based product such as Nikwax for models with a Gore-Tex membrane to simultaneously protect leather and nylon from water. These products do not affect the technical characteristics and “breathing” properties of materials, including Gore-Tex, but create the necessary waterproof film on the boot.

To add water-repellent properties to Gore-tex ®, Sympatex ® and breathable nylon fabrics, use Nikwax ® TX.Direct® Wash-in Treat garments without moisture-wicking thin layers with Nikwax ® TX.Direct® Wash-in Fast and easy to use spray applied to both dry and wet fabrics Adds water repellency and restores breathability For all laminates, PU coated fabrics, low absorbent linings Ideal for raincoats, capes, multi-layer insulated clothing and items that cannot be processed machine wash Recommended for Gore-Tex ®, Sympatex ®, Triple Point® and eVENT® products Manufactured by NIKWAX LTD TN5 6DF Made in the UK Keep away from children! Do not use internally! Avoid contact with eyes!

Shoes for approaches, via ferrata and easy climbing. Upper Suede with protective rubber cord. Suede with protective rubber cord around the perimeter. Lining Special non-slip mesh Inner sole no Sole Vibram, IBS Vibram, Impact Brake System Area of application Climbing approaches. Approaches to the route, easy climbing. Size 36-47.5 in 0.5 Pair weight 800 g Color: Yellow Gray / Yellow Red Light Gray Description Boots for technical routes and via ferrata with a special sole that provides good grip on the surface and a boot toe that is optimal for rock climbing. The outsole of the boots is made of Vibram ® rubber, providing reliable grip on the surface, ideal for technical routes and via ferratas. For grip on rock surfaces, the boots feature a new and improved outsole design, while the Impact Brake System provides optimal traction on challenging downhill routes. The soft 2mm EVA footbed absorbs shock when walking, even on uneven rocky surfaces. A thick rubber welt along the entire perimeter of the boot guarantees high-quality protection against wear and abrasions during climbing. The lacing system is borrowed from the Mythos climbing shoes and allows you to adjust the boots very precisely to your foot. CHARACTERISTICS: The upper of the boots is made of suede with a protective rubber welt. Mesh lining. Vibram® outsole with Impact Brake System. Sizes: 36-47.5 in 0.5 Advantages and features sole designed to reduce shock load when walking and running Vibram rubber model made of genuine leather Care instructions Clean the sneakers after each use. All external and internal hinges should be thoroughly cleaned and dried to reduce the risk of rust on metal parts. Care for the leather outside and inside the shoe using special products. Leave the boots to dry outdoors, away from direct sunlight and away from heating devices. La Sportiva recommends choosing your boot size carefully: your foot should fit well in the last. By keeping your foot snug in the boot, you minimize the risk of tearing the inner lining. Although La Sportiva boots are made from waterproof, specially treated leather that is resistant to dirt, improper use can cause the leather to dry out and become damaged. After each use, boots must be cleaned of dirt and dust by rinsing under a gentle stream of water. If necessary, the insole can be removed and the boots themselves can be placed in a cool, dry place for ventilation. It is best to remove the insole after each use and shake out any gravel that may have accidentally gotten inside the shoe and could damage the integrity of the lining. Do not place newspaper or other paper inside the boots as this may slow down the drying of the boots. Never dry your boots in the open sun or near heating devices. LEATHER CARE: Never treat these leathers with oil-containing products as this may adversely affect the waterproof performance and overall life of the boot. We recommend Nikwax water-repellent products for the care of your shoes. These products are suitable for caring for models with a Gore-Tex membrane. Products must be applied to damp skin to improve absorption into the boot fabric. The effect of this product lasts quite a long time, but not permanently. The product can be reapplied as needed or after each use in harsh conditions. Please be careful as these products darken the boot leather.

Durable, lightweight jacket provides protection from rain and wind. Intended for use by military and special forces. Relaxed fit Front zipper with Velcro flap Adjustable hood combined with a high collar protects the face from the wind Sleeve cuffs with elastic Two side pockets with zippers Drawstrings at the bottom of the jacket Taped seams Material: Gore-Tex Bi-Component Membran Sizes: from M to XL Weight (size L) -430 g

Description The Nepal Evo model is ideal for technical and ice routes. The boots are made of 3 mm full-cut leather with a special water-repellent treatment. This way, there is a minimum number of seams, so the boot does not get wet. Thanks to the Gore-Tex membrane, the boots are waterproof but still breathable. The rubber welt along the entire perimeter of the boots perfectly protects the leather from wear and tear during high-speed descents on scree. The model has a small elastic gaiter, which additionally prevents snow and ice chips from getting inside the boots. Nepal Evo has two welts for attaching hard crampons, but can also be used with semi-rigid or soft crampons. Vibram outsole with Impact Brake System technology. Thanks to the angled arrangement of the tread elements, it can significantly reduce the impact load on the joints when walking. Provides excellent traction during descent or ascent, even in wet conditions. The model uses 3D Flex technology, which allows you to combine reliable ankle support with the flexibility of the boot necessary for ease of movement. This is achieved through the use of a special material in the instep area, due to which the boot takes on an anatomical shape. The set includes special removable Velcro tabs that will allow you to adjust the boots as much as possible. Using special lace clips, you can independently adjust the tension in the foot and ankle areas. A pair of size 42 weighs 2050 grams Upper: 3mm water-repellent Idro-Perwanger ® leather Lining: Gore-Tex ® Insulated Comfort Insole: 9mm insulated Ibi-Thermo Sole: Vibram ® with emergency braking Sizes: 37-48 through 0 ,5 Patent: Registered Design Benefits and Features Allows the ankle to move freely while still providing adequate support Removable tongue attached to the top of the boot Nylon loop for quick release of the lock from the lacing system Outer fabric that "breathes" and is moisture resistant outsole designed to reduce the impact load when walking and running, Vibram rubber model is made of genuine leather Awards Nepal Evo GTX Climbing Magazine editor's choice La Sportiva Nepal Evo GTX became the winner according to the editors of Climbing Magazine. The Nepal Evo GTX is the most versatile mountaineering boot. A real must have! The Nepal Evo GTX is excellent for classic and technical climbing and is easily adjustable thanks to its removable tongues. 3.2mm full-length water-repellent leather provides excellent durability. Great for cold days and where you need good support and protection on the trails. Care instructions Clean your boots after each use. All external and internal hinges should be thoroughly cleaned and dried to reduce the risk of rust on metal products. Care for the leather outside and inside the shoe using special products. Leave the boots to dry outdoors, away from direct sunlight and away from heating devices. La Sportiva recommends choosing your boot size carefully: your foot should fit well in the last. By keeping your foot snug in the boot, you minimize the risk of tearing the Gore-Tex inner membrane. Although La Sportiva boots are made from waterproof, specially treated leather that is resistant to dirt, improper use can cause the leather to dry out and become damaged. After each use, boots must be cleaned of dirt and dust by rinsing under a gentle stream of water. If necessary, the insole can be removed and the boots themselves can be placed in a cool, dry place for ventilation. It is best to remove the insole after each use and shake out any gravel that may have accidentally gotten inside the shoe and could damage the integrity of the Gore-Tex membrane. Do not place newspaper or other paper inside the boots as this may slow down the drying of the boots. Never dry your boots in the open sun or near heating devices. LEATHER CARE: Never treat these leathers with oil-containing products as this may adversely affect the waterproof performance and overall life of the boot. We recommend Nikwax water-repellent products for the care of your shoes. These products are suitable for caring for models with a Gore-Tex membrane. Products must be applied to damp skin to improve absorption into the boot fabric. The effect of this product lasts quite a long time, but not permanently. The product can be reapplied as needed or after each use in harsh conditions. Please be careful as these products darken the boot leather. GORE-TE CARE For leather models with a Gore-Tex membrane, we recommend using a water- and wax-based product such as Nikwax to simultaneously protect leather and nylon from water. These products do not affect the technical characteristics and “breathing” properties of materials, including Gore-Tex, but create the necessary waterproof film on the boot.

Universal cleaning foam in soft packaging with spray Suitable for smooth leather, suede, velor, nubuck, leather with metallic and pearl effect, patent leather, reptile leather, textiles, combined and Hi-Tech materials, including GORE-TEX membrane Delicately cleans stains and dirt without damaging the surface, additionally cares for the product. Instructions for use: Squeeze foam onto a piece of fabric, apply it evenly to the product. Leave to act, remove any remaining dirt with a damp cloth. Allow to dry, polish smooth surfaces with a napkin, and ruffle the suede with a brush. Pre-check for color fastness Material: Smooth leather

A universal spray designed for deep impregnation of shoes and care based on fluorine-containing components. Effectively protects shoes from moisture, dirt and salt stains. Suitable for smooth leather, suede, velor, nubuck, textiles and shoes with climate membranes, incl. GORE-TEX membranes Recommended for primary impregnation of shoes before wearing Instructions for use: Apply the spray evenly to the entire surface of cleaned shoes from a distance of 20 cm, not allowing it to drip. Let it soak in for 2-5 minutes. Then repeat the procedure at least 6-8 times until the leather inside the shoe becomes slightly damp Material: Universal product (for any materials)

Lightweight, quick-drying trousers for trekking and outdoor activities. Made from wind- and waterproof, quick-drying TACTEL fabric with a cotton-like feel. Extra-durable CORDURA Mini Rip-stop panels at the butt, knees and inner shins All seams are double stitched for durability Articulated knees Adjustable waist Removable belt with low profile buckle Two zippered side pockets Hidden zippered pocket ¼ side zippers lengths for ventilation UV protection 40+ Article: FTEPA Weight: 250 g Material: TACTEL, CORDURA Mini Rip-stop inserts Sizes: XS-X Care Machine wash in warm water at 30C with a mild detergent. Montane recommends Nikwax Tech Wash. Do not use fabric softeners or bleach. Do not dry clean. Your pants may need to be re-insulated with DWR from time to time. For this Montane recommends using Nikwax TX Direct.

Detergent for washing products made from waterproof fabrics Safely cleans, restores the breathable and water-repellent properties of fabrics Recommended for products made from Gore-Tex ® Does not contain explosive substances, is non-toxic, safe for the environment. Not tested on animals An easy-to-use, active-free cleaner for clothing and equipment. The gentle action of Nikwax ® Tech Wash removes dirt and restores water repellency. Shake well before use. Follow the care instructions on the product label. Do not use detergents Manufactured by NIKWAX LTD TN5 6DF Made in the UK Keep away from children! Do not use internally! Avoid contact with eyes! Review on the "Russel" website Discussion on the forum

To add water-repellent properties to Gore-tex ®, Sympatex ® and breathable nylon fabrics, use Nikwax ® TX.Direct® Wash-in Treat garments without moisture-wicking thin layers with Nikwax ® TX.Direct® Wash-in Fast and easy to use spray applied to both dry and wet fabrics Adds water repellency and restores breathability For all laminates, PU coated fabrics, low absorbent linings Ideal for raincoats, capes, multi-layer insulated clothing and items that cannot be processed Do in the washing machine Recommended for products made from Gore-Tex ®, Sympatex ®, Triple Point® and eVENT® Keep away from children! Do not use internally! Avoid contact with eyes! Manufactured by NIKWAX LTD TN5 6DF Made in the UK

To add water-repellent properties to Gore-tex ®, Sympatex ® and breathable nylon fabrics, use Nikwax ® TX.Direct® Spray-On Treat garments with moisture-wicking linings - Nikwax ® TX.Direct® Spray-On A quick and easy-to-use sprayer, Applicable to both dry and wet fabrics Adds water repellency and restores breathability For all laminates, PU coated fabrics and low absorbent linings Ideal for raincoats, capes, multi-layer insulated garments and items that cannot be processed in a washing machine Recommended for Gore-Tex ®, Sympatex ®, Triple Point® and eVENT® Made by NIKWAX LTD TN5 6DF Made in the UK Keep away from children! Do not use internally! Avoid contact with eyes!

Approaches and Hiking Shoes Mid-height, waterproof, breathable boots ideal for technical approaches and hiking. The upper of the boots has a rubber welt around the perimeter to protect against impacts and wear. The Gore-Tex lining ensures that the boot maintains optimal temperature even on long, hard hikes. The patented lacing system is borrowed from the Mythos climbing shoes. The 2mm EVA cushion provides comfort and ensures high levels of shock absorption and comfort. The Vibram outsole with emergency braking system is equipped with a special climbing insert for maximum traction on rock surfaces. Upper: Suede with protective rubber welt Lining: Gore-Tex ® Extended Comfort Insole: Impact-absorbing footbed with 2mm EVA unit Outsole: Vibram ® with Impact Brake System Sizes: 36-47.5 in 0.5 Weight: 1000 g / pair Benefits and features External fabric that “breathes” and does not allow moisture to pass through from the outside Outsole designed to reduce the impact of walking and running Vibram rubber Model made of genuine leather Care instructions Clean the sneakers after each use. All external and internal hinges should be thoroughly cleaned and dried to reduce the risk of rust on metal parts. Care for the leather outside and inside the shoe using special products. Leave the boots to dry outdoors, away from direct sunlight and away from heating devices. Never dry your boots in the open sun or near heating devices. La Sportiva recommends choosing your boot size carefully: your foot should fit well in the last. By keeping your foot snug in the boot, you minimize the risk of tearing the Gore-Tex inner membrane. Although La Sportiva boots are made from waterproof, specially treated leather that is resistant to dirt, improper use can cause the leather to dry out and become damaged. After each use, boots must be cleaned of dirt and dust by rinsing under a gentle stream of water. If necessary, the insole can be removed and the boots themselves can be placed in a cool, dry place for ventilation. It is best to remove the insole after each use and shake out any gravel that may have accidentally gotten inside the shoe and could damage the integrity of the Gore-Tex membrane. Do not place newspaper or other paper inside the boots as this may slow down the drying of the boots. LEATHER CARE: Never treat these leathers with oil-containing products as this may adversely affect the waterproof performance and overall life of the boot. We recommend Nikwax water-repellent products for the care of your shoes. These products are suitable for caring for models with a Gore-Tex membrane. Products must be applied to damp skin to improve absorption into the boot fabric. The effect of this product lasts quite a long time, but not permanently. The product can be reapplied as needed or after each use in harsh conditions. Please be careful as these products darken the boot leather. CARE OF GORE-TEX We recommend using water and wax-based products, such as Nikwax, for leather models with a Gore-Tex membrane to simultaneously protect leather and nylon from water. These products do not affect the technical characteristics and “breathing” properties of materials, including Gore-Tex, but create the necessary waterproof film on the boot.

Skyrunning shoes with Gore-Tex membrane Real professional skyrunning shoes. This model has everything you need and nothing extra, thanks to which these sneakers are light and fit snugly on the foot, forming a single whole. The integrated lacing system allows you to optimally distribute the tension of the sneakers and precisely adjust the fit to your foot. This model of sneakers uses a Gore-Tex Extended Comfort membrane, thanks to which your feet will be protected from getting wet, while breathability remains high. The rubberized toe protects against impacts on rocks. The upper of the sneakers is made of breathable, wear-resistant material. Thanks to the Impact Brake System, good grip is achieved both on ascents and descents, and also reduces the load on the knee joint. An EVA midsole with additional stabilization in the heel provides excellent cushioning and helps reduce shock while running. Characteristics Upper Breathable mesh, protective cord around the perimeter Gore-Tex Extended Comfort lining Inner sole EVA 2 mm with stabilizing insert Frixion XF sole with IBS Area of application Running Size 37-47.5 in 0.5 Pair weight 820 g Care instructions Clean the sneakers after each use. All external and internal hinges should be thoroughly cleaned and dried to reduce the risk of rust on metal products. Leave the sneakers to dry outdoors, out of direct sunlight and away from heaters. La Sportiva recommends carefully selecting the size of your sneakers: your foot should fit well in the last. By keeping your foot snug in the boot, you minimize the risk of tearing the Gore-Tex inner membrane. After each use, the sneakers must be cleaned of dirt and dust by rinsing under a gentle stream of water. If necessary, the insole can be removed and the sneakers themselves can be placed in a cool, dry place for ventilation. It is best to remove the insole after each use and shake out any gravel that may have accidentally gotten inside the shoe and could damage the integrity of the Gore-Tex membrane. Do not place newspaper or other paper inside the shoes as this may slow down the drying time of the shoes. Never dry your sneakers in the open sun or near heating devices. GORE-TEX CARE We recommend using a water-based, wax-based product such as Nikwax for models with a Gore-Tex membrane to simultaneously protect leather and nylon from water. These products do not affect the technical characteristics and “breathing” properties of materials, including Gore-Tex, but create the necessary waterproof film on the boot.

Collonil Carbon Pro is a highly effective moisture and dirt repellent spray. The powerful effect of the product is based on a unique invisible protective structure consisting of polymer fibers that are fixed on the flexible surface of the material and last for a long time. Prevents the appearance of salt stains and protects the material from fading. The innovative product is suitable for all types of materials. Recommended for the protection of High-Tex materials, incl. with membranes Gore Tex, Sympatex, etc.

Approach sneakers with gore-tex membrane Upper Suede + microfiber, protective rubber cord around the perimeter Gore-Tex Extended Comfort lining Inner sole Shock absorbing, Injected EVA Vibram Mega-Grip outsole Area of application Approaches. Size 36-43 in 0.5 Weight of a pair 430 g Designed for technical approaches, via ferrata, as well as for passing simple mountaineering routes. Ideal for long-term use in the mountains. A dense rubber rand around the entire perimeter of the shoe provides high-quality protection against wear and abrasions during climbing and approaches, and it also provides additional protection against impacts in the toe and heel areas. The lacing system is borrowed from the Mythos climbing shoes and allows the shoe to be adjusted very precisely to the foot in one movement. The STB Control System allows for synergy between the upper and sole of the shoe and provides greater stability to the foot. The Vibram MegaGrip outsole with a climbing zone on the toe provides superior traction on the route. The Gore-tex Extended Comfort membrane provides reliable protection against moisture and bad weather.

Sneakers with gaiters for winter training Upper water-repellent wear-resistant material + Sock-Shield Gaiter Lining Gore Flex Construction Inner sole Memlex injected EVA with stabilizer FriXion AT outsole Area of application Running Size 38-47 through 0.5 Pair weight 700 g Uragano GTX La Sportiva sneakers are ideal for winter running They are perfect for trail running in snowy and icy conditions. Sock-Shield Gaiter TM forms a waterproof “cover” that hugs your foot as softly and precisely as possible and prevents the formation of tangles. The built-in gaiter also provides protection against the penetration of stones, dirt and snow crumbs inside. The fast, integrated lacing system allows for perfect volume and tension adjustment. Gore® Flex Construction makes the shoe one of the most flexible ever. The Frixion AT rubber outsole is ideal for running on soft, muddy terrain. AT Grip Spikes may be attached. Spikes are not included. Care instructions Clean your sneakers after each use. All external and internal hinges should be thoroughly cleaned and dried to reduce the risk of rust on metal products. Leave the sneakers to dry outdoors, out of direct sunlight and away from heaters. La Sportiva recommends carefully selecting the size of your sneakers: your foot should fit well in the last. By keeping your foot snug in the boot, you minimize the risk of tearing the Gore-Tex inner membrane. After each use, the sneakers must be cleaned of dirt and dust by rinsing under a gentle stream of water. If necessary, the insole can be removed and the sneakers themselves can be placed in a cool, dry place for ventilation. It is best to remove the insole after each use and shake out any gravel that may have accidentally gotten inside the shoe and could damage the integrity of the Gore-Tex membrane. Do not place newspaper or other paper inside the shoes as this may slow down the drying time of the shoes. Never dry your sneakers in the open sun or near heating devices. GORE-TEX CARE We recommend using a water-based, wax-based product such as Nikwax for models with a Gore-Tex membrane to simultaneously protect leather and nylon from water. These products do not affect the technical characteristics and “breathing” properties of materials, including Gore-Tex, but create the necessary waterproof film on the boot.

Without a doubt, the most popular manufacturer of GORE-TEX® membrane fabrics has turned from a brand into a household name. Along with “I need a membrane jacket” or “Show me your storm boots,” many, when they come to the store, ask the consultants for “Gore-Tex jackets.” Trying to understand dozens of GORE-TEX® innovations can drive you crazy, so in this article we tried to talk about membrane fabric technologies in an accessible way and make a short guide to the types of membranes. We hope this helps you in your choice.

GORE-TEX® membrane

Properties of the GORE-TEX® membrane

Waterproof

The membrane withstands water pressure, does not allow moisture to pass through and prevents heat loss.

In the video below, a jacket with a GORE-TEX® membrane is adequately tested under the pressure of water from a fire hose (you can watch it immediately from 03:00).

Windproof

There is a thin layer of air between the body and clothing, which creates a microclimate and retains heat. All GORE-TEX® products are windproof, so wind cannot penetrate the membrane and disrupt this microclimate.

How it works in reality, and not in the description, look at the video (the action starts at the 02:50 mark).

Vapor permeability (breathability)

This characteristic does not refer to the ability of the fabric to allow air to pass through, but rather indicates the ability of the fabric to remove sweat evaporating from the surface of the body. Thus, even under intense exercise, the fabric “breathes” and sweat easily evaporates, leaving the body dry.

In the video, Gordon and Ted show the GORE-TEX® technologists' favorite tricks with a breathable and non-breathable glove.

What is a membrane and how does it work

GORE-TEX® is not a coating, coating, outer material or lining. It is a membrane fabric made from a very thin layer of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) foam containing more than 1.4 billion pores per square centimeter. These pores are what give GORE-TEX® fabric its properties. The microscopic pores of the membrane are 20,000 times smaller than a drop of water, so drops cannot pass through it, and 700 times larger than a water vapor molecule, so evaporation easily escapes.

The GORE-TEX® membrane itself is only 0.01mm thick. Therefore, the manufacturer glues it between the lining and the outer layer - this multi-layer combination of membrane and support material is called GORE-TEX® laminate. In addition, all GORE-TEX® products are coated on top with a thin layer of DWR (Durable water repellent), a durable, water-repellent polymer. It prevents water on the outer surface of the fabric from being absorbed, but causes it to bead up and roll off the clothing. And every seam on GORE-TEX® clothing, shoes and gloves is sealed with special GORE-SEAM® tape.

Three Main Types of GORE-TEX® Laminate

Double-layer construction (2-layer)

Ideal for outdoor activities. In this design, the GORE-TEX® membrane is bonded only to the outer layer and not to the lining. Thermal insulation can be added to this design.

Advantage: comfortable and versatile.

Three-layer construction (3-layer)

Unlike a two-layer membrane, a three-layer GORE-TEX® membrane is bonded to both the outer fabric layer and the lining.

Advantage: wear-resistant and durable.

Z-Liner design

The GORE-TEX® membrane is bonded to lightweight fabric and sits loosely between the outer material and the lining. Thermal insulation can be added to this design.

Benefit: Fewer sealed seams and more design space.

GORE-TEX® outerwear technologies

All GORE-TEX® garments provide long-lasting waterproofing, wind protection and allow the body to breathe under the garment. GORE-TEX® clothing is divided into three classes depending on conditions of use and types of activity.

GORE-TEX®

Versatile and varied clothing for different types of activity or everyday wear.
Purpose: hiking, hiking, skiing, freeride, cross-country running, mountain biking, urban style.

GORE-TEX® PRO

Wear-resistant and durable clothing for intense use in extreme conditions.
Purpose: rock climbing, mountaineering, freeride, ski mountaineering.

GORE-TEX® Active

Very light and comfortable clothing for intense aerobic exercise in bad weather.
Purpose: cross-country running, mountain biking, cross-country, ski touring.