Choosing a cultivator for the soil. Cultivators: purpose

01.11.2023

Cultivators are designed for loosening the soil surface to a depth of 12 cm and deep loosening to a depth of 25 cm or more, destroying weeds, introducing mineral fertilizers into the soil, hilling and cutting irrigation furrows.

According to their purpose, cultivators for continuous tillage and row-crop cultivators are distinguished. Cultivators for continuous tillage include steam cultivators designed for fallow care and pre-sowing tillage, flat-cut cultivators for loosening stubble fields to a depth of 16 cm, boom cultivators for destroying rhizomatous weeds, loosening cultivators, garden and forestry cultivators. Row-crop cultivators are those that are designed for inter-row cultivation of crops in order to loosen the soil and destroy weeds, thin out plants in rows, hill up and cut irrigation furrows. Row crops also include a large group of plant-feeding cultivators intended for feeding plants with mineral fertilizers during the growth period. Row-crop cultivators, which are adapted for pre-sowing tillage, as well as for caring for crops with row spacing of different widths, are called universal. Tractor cultivators are manufactured mounted and trailed. The following basic agrotechnical requirements are imposed on cultivators. When continuous cultivation of the soil, the surface of the field should be flat, without ridges and furrows. Loosening of the soil should occur without bringing wet layers to the surface, without spraying particles or compacting them. Deviation from the specified depth of tillage is allowed no more than ± 1 cm. The working parts of the cultivator must destroy at least 98 - 99% of weeds and not damage the plants.

WORKING BODIES OF CULTIVATORS

The following working parts of the paws are installed on cultivators - single-sided flat-cutting (razors), pointed flat-cutting and universal; teeth - loosening (chisel-shaped paws), reversible, spear-shaped and spring; steel rods - rods; needle discs; dump paws; feeding paws or knives for dry and liquid feeding; hilling and furrow-cutting bodies (irrigators).

Cultivator paws are divided according to purpose into weeding and loosening .

Single-sided flat-cutting paws are designed for cutting weeds, thinning cultivated plants and loosening the soil to a depth of 6 cm between rows. The presence of a vertical part at the paw, which protects the row from being covered with soil, allows processing with small protective zones. The paws are made right and left. The blade is sharpened from above at an angle of 8-10°. The blade thickness should be no more than 0.5 mm. The tines supplied with the cultivator have working widths of 85, 120, 150, 165 and 250 mm.

Pointed flat-cutting paws They are also designed for cutting weeds when a small tillage depth (up to 6 cm) and a slight soil displacement are required. The paws are made with an opening angle of 2 y, equal to 60 or 70°, and a working width of 145. 150, 260 mm. The blades of the paws are sharpened from above and below at an angle of 8--12°. The thickness of the blade edge should not exceed 0.3 mm.

Working bodies of cultivators:A -- one-sided flat-cut weeding foot (razor); b - pointed flat-cutting weeding foot without a shank; V-- pointed universal paw with shank; G-- ripper tooth (chisel-shaped paw); d- reversible loosening paw; e- spear-shaped ripping paw; and -- spring teeth; h - rod working body; And-- loosening needle discs; To- dump paw; l- feeding knife; m -- hilling body with a concave cylindrical surface; k - hilling body with a universal paw and finger blades; o - the same, with one blade; P -- furrow-cutter; / -- rod; 2 -- bearing; 3 - rowdy; 4 -- needle disk; 5 -- weeding flat-cutting paw; 6 - funnel for fertilizer pipe.

Lancet universal paws simultaneously with cutting weeds, the soil is loosened. The crumbling angle of these paws is P = 28--30° - greater than that of pointed flat-cutting paws, which explains their loosening ability. Shares with a shank and an angle p = 28° are used for continuous cultivation and inter-row cultivation of tall crops to a depth of 10 cm. Shares without a shank (with less furrow formation) are used for pre-sowing tillage of the soil for sugar beets. Paws with a crumbling angle (3 = 30° are used in cultivators-rippers for working at a depth of up to 14 cm. Paws are made with an opening angle of 2 y = 65° (working width 220, 270, 330 mm) and 2 at= 60° (working width 250, 330 and 380 mm). The paws are sharpened from below at an angle of 13-17°. It is recommended to fuse the weeding paws on the back side of the blade with the hard alloy sormite No. 1 with a thickness of 0.3-0.5 mm. Due to the rapid wear of the base material, the blade sharpens itself and the paw cuts weeds well for a long time without sharpening.

Ripping teeth used for loosening row-spacing of cohesive and dense soils to a depth of 15 cm without bringing the wet layer to the surface. They are made in the form of a curved pointed tooth (chisel) with a grip width of 20 mm.

Negotiable paws on rigid struts are used in cultivators-rippers for cultivating the soil to a depth of 22--25 cm. The same paws on spring struts are used in steam cultivators, as well as for loosening the soil between rows to a depth of 10--12 cm with combing out rhizomatous weeds . Tines on spring tines loosen the soil well, but do not provide the same depth of cultivation. The reverse paw has two ends sharpened at the top. When one end becomes blunt, turn the paw. After sharpening, the blade thickness should be no more than 1 mm. Paw grip width 45--60 mm.

Spear-shaped paws used in steam cultivators to destroy rhizomatous perennial weeds. One end of the paw is sharpened in the form of a spear tip. The paw blade is sharpened from above. The blade thickness should be no more than 1 mm.

Spring teeth used in row-crop cultivators to loosen the soil in protective zones and row spacing. The frame with teeth is hingedly attached to the holder bracket. This fastening allows the teeth to follow the topography of the soil regardless of the cultivator section.

Rod working body Designed for continuous tillage, destruction of weeds, loosening the soil in fallow, as well as pre-sowing cultivation in areas of insufficient moisture and subject to wind erosion. The working body is a steel rod (rod) 1 square section (square side 22--25 mm). Moving in the soil at a depth of up to 10 cm and rotating in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the cultivator's running wheels, the rod pulls out weeds and carries them to the top. Thanks to the rotation, the rod does not become clogged and leaves the bottom of the furrow and the surface of the field level. The rotation frequency of the rod is on average one revolution per 1.1 m of the path. The length of the rod is 2.8-3.75 m.

Needle discs used in cultivators and rotary hoes to destroy soil crust and weakly rooted weeds in rows and protective zones. During operation, the needles of the discs move along the protective zones of the rows, enter the soil to a depth of 9 cm and shift its surface layer by about 1-2 cm. In this case, the crust is loosened, which leads to rupture of the roots and wilting of the weeds. The discs are made in three diameters - 350, 450 and 520 mm and a width of 12-15 mm. They are installed with curved teeth along the direction of the implement (or against the direction) at a distance of 68 mm from one another (discs with a diameter of 450 and 520 mm) or 56 mm (discs with a diameter of 350 mm).

Dump paws used to control weeds by sprinkling. The plow blade, moving in the soil, removes a thin layer of soil between the rows and moves it into the row, covering small weeds. Weeds, without access to air, die. Set the plow blades relative to the row of plants so that the protective zone is 25-27 cm.

Feeding knife It is a loosening chisel-shaped paw with a funnel for fertilizers, through which they enter the bottom of the furrow to a depth of 16 cm. The knives are equipped with replaceable tips. To close the furrow formed by the knife, loosening or weeding paws are installed.

Hilling bodies designed for hilling plants, destroying weeds at the bottom of the furrow and covering with soil. Hilling body consists of a one-piece body with a stand, a replaceable sock and wings. The toe has a double-sided sharpening. There is a groove on the wing that allows, depending on the growth of plants, to adjust the height of the earth shaft formed by the hiller. The hilling body shown in Figure 53 n And O, equipped at the bottom with a toe in the form of a pointed paw. Between the toe and the blade there is a gap-gap through which the soil spills to the bottom of the furrow, where a loose layer up to 10 cm deep is formed. To obtain small ridges, one-sided bodies are used. Hilling bodies are installed to a depth of up to 16 cm. The height of the ridges reaches 25 cm.

Furrow cutter Designed for cutting irrigation furrows with simultaneous application of fertilizers to a depth of up to 20 cm.

ATTACHING WORKING EQUIPMENT TO THE CULTIVATOR FRAME

The connection of the paws to the leads or the cultivator frame is carried out using racks. Racks can be rigid or spring. Rigid racks are used mainly for fastening weeding paws, hillers and furrow cutters, spring racks are used for fastening reversible and spear-shaped paws. Spring reinforced racks are also used to attach pointed paws to them. When the racks are rigidly connected to the frame of the cultivator-ripper, copying the field topography depends on the position of the frame. With a hinged attachment, it is possible to copy the field topography with the paws and maintain the specified processing depth regardless of the position of the frame.

Attaching the working parts to the cultivator frame: A -- oadial mounting of the paw; b -- parallelogram mounting of paws; / -- stand; 2 -- cheek;,3 -- tension bar; 4 -- clip; 5 -- pressure rod; b And 8 -- springs; 7 - screed; 9 - rowdy; 10 -- copy roller; // -- lower link; 12 - front bracket; 13 -- upper adjustment link; 14 -- transport traction; 15 --* rear bracket; 16 -- holders; 17 - paws; 18 -- holder rods.

The hinged connection of the racks is carried out using leashes or beams. There are radial and parallelogram hinge joints.

Radial connection used in cultivators for continuous tillage, and parallelogram - in cultivators for inter-row tillage. On the image A the radial connection of the beams is shown 9 with cultivator frame. In this case, when turning the beam around the point ABOUT the paw deepens or deepens, and the angle of entry of the paw into the soil changes, which affects the quality of work. The depth of the paw stroke is adjusted by changing the spring compression 6, rearranging the figured pin in the holes of the pressure rod 5. The stand / is connected to the beam 9 through the cheek 2, tension bar 3, clips 4, couplers 7 and springs 8. When encountering an obstacle, the paw stretches the spring and leans back. Once the obstacle is passed, the spring returns the paw to its original position.

Parallelogram connection shown in the picture b.-Gryadil 9 when deepening or deepening the paws, it moves parallel to its original position, and therefore the angle of entry of the paws into the soil remains constant. Thus, regardless of the stroke depth, the working conditions of the paws remain the same. The parallelogram connection (suspension) consists of a front 12 and rear 15 brackets, lower 11 and upper 13 links Rear bracket 15 bolted rigidly With rowdy 9, to which they are attached in holders 16 paws 17 and copy roller 10. By changing the length of the upper rod, the position of the paws in the horizontal plane is adjusted. Traction 14 holds the section of working tools in the transport position when the cultivator is raised by the tractor's hydraulic linkage system.

The depth of travel of the tines of mounted cultivators is changed by rearranging the support wheels or rollers and screw mechanisms, and the tines of trailed cultivators by changing the compression of the spring of the pressure rods.

FERTISE SOWING DEVICES FOR CULTIVATORS-PLANT FEEDERS

Cultivators-plant feeders are used for feeding plants during the growing season with simultaneous cultivation of the soil between rows, as well as for other operations (weeding and loosening, hilling, cutting irrigation furrows). To sow mineral fertilizers on cultivators, disc-disc and disc-scraper fertilizer sowing devices are used.

Disc-plate apparatus AT-2A has a rotating plate 7 with a diameter of 300 mm, which is adjacent to the bottom of the can 4. Jar and separatory funnel 9 bolted to a cast iron bracket 2, which is the support of the plate 7. A shutter // is hinged at the bottom of the can.

AT-2A disc-type fertilizer dispenser: / and 14 -- cylindrical gears; 2 -- bracket; 3 -- lid; 4 -- a jar for fat; 5 - casing; 6 -- disk ejector; 7 -- plate; 8 - plate gear; 9 - separating funnel; 10 -- seeding regulator; // -- damper; 12 -- shaft; 13 -- ejector shaft; 15 -- disk scraper; 16 -- guide; 17 - cleaning the plate.

The position of the damper is adjusted using the regulator lever 10. On the shaft 13 two disk ejectors are rigidly fixed 6. Chistiki 15 And 17 serve to clean the right (in the direction of the machine) ejection disk and plate from fat. The fat is supplied to the left ejection disk using a guide 16. To transmit rotation on the shaft 13 gear reinforced 14, and on the shaft 12 -- gear/s bevel gear whose teeth mesh with the teeth of the pinion 8 dishes.

The device works as follows. Fertilizer layer, the height of which is adjusted by a damper" 11, removed by a rotating plate from the cylindrical part of the jar 4 to disk ejectors 6, guides fertilizer into the separating funnel 9. Through the bells of the separating funnel, fertilizers enter the funnels of two feeding knives through fertilizer pipes and, after application, are sealed with soil. The volume of the jar for fat is 24 dm 3. By changing the position of the valve // the seeding rate can be adjusted within the range of 50-650 kg/ha.

The device receives rotation from the cultivator support wheels through a chain drive.

Disc-scraper apparatus NK-38A used on cotton cultivators KRKH-4, etc. It is intended for sowing dry fertilizers. Each device sows fertilizers in two rows. The sowing element of the device is a rotating cast-iron plate 5. In the center of the plate there is a hollow cone for displacing fertilizers.

ARRANGEMENT OF CULTIVATOR FEES

Cultivators for continuous tillage are usually equipped with two types of tines: pointed weeding tines with a working width of 270 and 330 mm and lance-shaped loosening tines with a working width of 50 mm. Lancet weeding tines in cultivators are placed in two rows. Since the load on the paws of the front row is greater than on the paws of the back row, their grip widths are chosen differently: paws with a grip width of 270 mm are installed in the front row, and paws with a grip width of 330 mm are installed in the back row. This allows you to equalize the loads on the racks, beds and other parts. To avoid missing weeds, the paws are installed with an overlap C, the size of which is selected within the range of 50-70 mm.

Cultivator working width IN(in mm) when placing the paws according to the pattern shown in Figure 57, A, determined by the formula

IN= Kommersant at P X + Ъфъ - С(«, + P 2 -- 1),

Where b ± and b 2 -- grip width of the paws of the front and rear rows, mm; P X And P.*- number of paws in the front and back rows; WITH-- overlap between legs, mm.

Ripping paws on spring struts are arranged in three rows in cultivators for continuous processing, and ripping paws on rigid struts in cultivators-rippers are placed in two rows.

In plant-feeding cultivators, feeding knives are installed in front of the weeding or loosening paws. This allows you to fill the furrow formed by the feeding knife with soil. To prevent pruning of plants in the butt row spacing, the width of which is unequal, only half of the butt row spacing is processed in one pass. When transversely cultivating square-cluster sowing, the inter-row spacing is completely cultivated, but the width of the protective zone must be at least 15 cm.

CULTIVATOR TRACTION RESISTANCE

Cultivator Traction Resistance P z (in kgf) for continuous processing is determined by the formula and traction resistance Р m (in kgf) for inter-row processing - according to the formula

R m = q (V n -- 2et),

Where q-- specific resistance, kgf/m;

B z -- working width of the cultivator during continuous cultivation, m;

IN m -- width of the entire treated surface, m;

e-- width of the protective zone, m;

T-- number of processed rows.

Average resistivity values q cultivators per 1 m working width With taking into account rolling resistance are given in Table 3.

Resistance R P (in kgf) of a trailed cultivator rolling with the working bodies raised to the transport position is determined by the formula

P a =fG,

where / is the rolling coefficient (/ = 0.2--0.25); G-- cultivator weight, kgf.

Specific resistance of cultivators (according to VISKHOM data)

CULTIVATORS FOR CONTINUOUS SOIL TILLAGE

This group includes steam cultivators with tines on rigid and spring struts, designed for the care of fallows and pre-sowing soil cultivation to a depth of 12 cm, rod cultivators, cultivators-rippers for deep loosening of the arable layer, as well as garden, vineyard and forest cultivators, which serve for cultivating the soil between rows of perennial plantings. "

Mounted steam cultivator K.PN-4G has a working width of 4 m, but can be converted to a working width of 3 m. The cultivator is equipped with pointed universal paws with a working width of 270 and 330 mm. If necessary, the cultivator can be equipped with spear-shaped loosening shares with a working width of 50 mm on spring struts. To cultivate heavy and rocky soils, beds with spring guards are installed on the cultivator. The cultivator has a device for attaching tooth harrows. The cultivator is aggregated with tractors T-40, T-40A, “Belarus”, T-38M and YuMZ-6. The depth of processing with pointed universal paws is 6-10 cm, and with spear-shaped loosening paws - up to 12 cm. The depth of processing is changed by rearranging the support wheels in height. The operating speed of the cultivator is up to 7 km/h. Weight 619 kg. Productivity with the Belarus tractor is 3.1 ha/h.

Hydrofed cultivator KPS-4 Available in trailed and mounted versions. The working width is 4 m. The cultivator is equipped with pointed and loosening shares and can be equipped with a spring harrow or four medium tine harrows, which are attached to it using a special device. One cultivator is aggregated with tractors MTZ-50, MTZ-52, MTZ-80/82 and T-54S. Using hitches SP-11 and SP-16, cultivators are aggregated With tractors T-150, T-150K

ical disks for forming holes on the soil surface. The disks are eccentrically fixed to the axis and rotated one relative to the other by 180°. The discs are alternately immersed in the soil and form holes 13-15 mm deep.

Processing depth 4--10 cm. Working width 10 m. Working speed 8--12 km/h. The hoe is aggregated with tractors DT-75, DT-75M and T-74. Weight 2450 kg. Productivity 11 ha/h at a speed of 11 km/h and an angle of attack of 35°.

Trailed disc cultivators LD-20, LDG-15 and LDG-5 differ from LDG-10 mainly in the number of disk sections. They have respectively 16, 1? and 4 sections and working widths of 20, 15 and 5 m.

Trailed plowshare plow PL-5-25 with hydraulic control is designed for peeling stubble to a depth of 12 cm and plowing soil to a depth of 18 cm. The plow has five bodies with a cultural plowshare-mouldboard surface. The working width of the body is 25 cm, and the plow is 1.25 m. The plow is mounted on tractors T-40, T-40A, Belarus, T-38M and YuMZ-6. Weight 580 kg. Performance 1 ha/h

Semi-mounted plow-husker PPL-10-25 has ten bodies designed for peeling stubble to a depth of 12 cm and plowing soil to a depth of 16 cm. The working width of the plow is 2.5 m. The plow is aggregated with tractors DT-75, DT-75M and T-74. Productivity 2 ha/h.

1. Harrows.

2. Peelers.

3. Cultivators.

Harrows It is used to loosen the surface layer of soil, protecting it from rapid drying out, improving air and water permeability and promoting the accumulation of nutrients in it. According to the design of the working body, harrows are disc, tine and rotary.

Disc harrows divided according to the following characteristics :

intensity of impact on soil:

– light – with a continuous cutting edge;

– heavy – with cut out discs.

· by purpose: field (BD), garden (BDS), marsh (BDB).

a – disc of a light harrow; b – heavy harrow disc;

c – disk workflow diagram;

G– general view of the BDN-3 harrow; d – part of the BDN-3 harrow battery

1 – hitch; 2 – battery; 3 – frame; 4 – side beam; 5 – axis; 6 – disk;

7 – bobbin; 8 – bracket; 9 – pin; 10 – guillemot; eleven – bearing

Figure 33 – Disc harrow

Design of the BDN-3 disc harrow (Fig. 33): its working body is a steel pointed spherical disk with a solid edge with a diameter of 450 or 510 mm (Fig. 33, a). Heavy harrows have cut out disks with a diameter of 660 mm (Fig. 33, b). They penetrate well into the soil and intensively crush plant residues.

Corner α (Fig. 33, c) between the plane of rotation of the disk and the line of direction of movement of the harrow is called angle of attack. For a disc harrow, α varies from 10º to 25º.

Several disks located on a square axis 5 and separated from each other by bobbins 7 form battery 2. The assembled disc harrow is a set of four batteries connected by a frame 3. For heavy disc harrows, a ballast box is fixed on top of the frame. By changing the size of the mass of the load placed in it, the depth of tillage is adjusted.

As a rule, disc harrows are double-row, with the concavity of the discs of the first and second rows being opposite, in order to better loosen the soil. The general view of the BDN-3 field disc harrow and its fragment are shown in Fig. 33, g.

The working process of a disc harrow is as follows: as it moves, the discs, engaging with the soil, rotate. The cutting edge of the disk cuts off a layer of soil, separates it from the massif and lifts it onto a concave surface. Having risen to a certain height (approximately to the middle of the disk), the layer is deformed, destroyed, falls and is pulled aside by the disk (Fig. 33, c).

The depth of tillage and the degree of crumbling are set by changing the angle of attack and the pressure of the discs on the soil.

The pressure of the disks on the soil is changed by changing the loading of the ballast box mounted on the frame.

Light (field) disc harrows can cultivate the soil to a depth of up to 10 cm, and heavy ones – up to 20 cm. Heavy disc harrows are also used for crushing hummocks and cutting up layers after plowing with bush-marsh plows.

Information about the brands of disc harrows and their areas of application is presented in Appendix 2.

Tooth harrows are intended for spring tillage to a depth of 3...10 cm. They are divided according to the following characteristics:

· according to specific load per tooth:

heavy 20...30 N;

average 10...20 N;

light 5…10 N.

· according to tooth design (Fig. 34):

straight lines – 1, 2, 3, 5;

palmate – 4;

S-shaped with a spring strut – 6.

1. 2, 3, 5 – straight; 4 – palmate; 6 – S-shaped

Figure 34 – Designs of working parts of tooth harrows

· by type of frame – rigid and articulated.

Design of a tooth harrow with rigid frame(Fig. 35, a): the frame is made up of rectangular or trough-shaped slats, at the intersection of which the teeth are secured in the holes with bolts.

a – general view of the BZTS harrow – 1; b – link of meadow harrow;

c – general view of the BSO-4 mesh harrow; d – needle disk of the hoe;

d – bar harrow section

1 – square tooth; 3 – knife-shaped tooth; 7, 9, 10 – strips; 8 – hook;

11 – tow hitch; 12 – link frame; 13, 17 – chains; 14 – traction;

15 – harrow frame; 16 – mesh fabric; 18 – sample weight NUB-4.8;

19 – concave teeth; 20 – rod; 21 – trailer bar; 22 – disk

Figure 35 – Harrows

PRINCIPLE: When the tractor moves across the field, the tooth harrow moves after it. Due to the resistance of the soil, the harrow teeth go deeper, acting on the soil like a dihedral wedge - it destroys the soil with its front edge, and pushes apart, crushes and mixes its particles with its side edges; With a blow, it destroys large lumps, combs out weeds and dead plants. When moving across the field, each tooth draws its own groove. The distance between the furrows depends on the type of harrow and varies from 22 to 49 mm.

Harrows are used to create wide-cut units using hitches for working with tractors of heavy classes 3, 4, 5 or attach them to plows, cultivators, seeders and combined units. Each section of the harrow is equipped with a towing device in the form of hooks, to which leashes or chains are attached.

The depth of cultivation depends on the pressure of the teeth on the soil, the length of the connecting leads, and for harrows with square teeth, and on the location of the oblique cut of the teeth in relation to the direction of movement.

The diameter of the lumps after harrowing should be no more than 5 cm. Winter crops are cultivated with tooth harrows in the spring. Meadow harrows are used to comb the grass, cut the turf, crush and remove molehills and animal excrement in meadows and pastures.

BSO-4 mesh harrow with articulated frame(Fig. 35, c) is intended for loosening the top layer of soil and destroying weeds on crops (plantings) during the period of emergence of industrial crops and potatoes.

Device (Fig. 35, c): the harrow section is made up of a frame 15, to which a mesh cloth 16 is attached with chains 17. The links of the cloth are made of rolled wire and are rods with blunt toothed ends .

The principle of operation of a mesh harrow is similar to a tooth harrow. The difference lies in the depth of tillage - 3...5 cm.

Rotary harrows have a rotating working body equipped with rods, teeth or bars.

Rotary hoe Designed for spring loosening of soil on winter crops and pre-sowing treatment to destroy soil crust and weeds. The working parts of the hoe are disks (Fig. 35, d) with concave teeth 19.

Several disks mounted on an axis form a battery. Adhering to the soil, the discs rotate, making 150 injections per square meter, and thus destroy the soil crust. By changing the mass of ballast on the site, the working depth is adjusted to 9 cm.

Bar rotary harrow equipped with a drum consisting of disks 22 (Fig. 35, d) and round rods 20 passed through the holes of the discs. When the harrow moves after the tractor, the drum rotates, using the rods it acts on the top layer of soil: it loosens, levels and throws weeds to the surface. Rotary harrows are installed on cultivators and combined machines.

Information about brands of tooth harrows and their areas of application is presented in Appendix 3.

Peelers.Peeling– tillage of the soil to a shallow depth prior to plowing. It is carried out with the aim of loosening the soil, incorporating crop residues, pests and pathogens of cultivated plants, weed seeds and provoking them to germinate. During subsequent plowing, the sprouted weeds are buried to a greater depth and die. Peeling reduces the cost of mechanical energy for plowing.

According to the design of the working bodies, hulls are distinguished disk and plowshares. Areas infested with rhizomatous and other perennial weeds are peeled disk peelers. Areas infested with root shoot weeds are treated plowshare peelers.

The working body of disk ploughers is a spherical disk, while that of plowshares is a moldboard body with a working width of 25 cm. The ploughshare discs are arranged so that the plane of rotation of the discs makes an angle of attack of 30…35º with the direction of movement of the tractor. At this angle of attack, the discs of the ploughers, compared to the discs of the harrows, wrap and crumble the soil layer to a greater extent, embedding crop residues, weeds and their seeds into the top layer of soil. The quality of peeling depends on the sharpness of the discs, which are sharpened as they become dull.

The depth of tillage with disc cultivators is 4...10 cm, with plow ploughs, 6...12 cm.

The industry produces cultivators by connecting them to three types of tractors: trailed, semi-mounted, mounted.

The brands of hullers are deciphered as follows: L– peeler, N– mounted, D– disk, PL– plow-husker, G– hydroficated. For disk ploughs, the number shows the machine's grip in meters; for plowshares, the first number corresponds to the number of bodies, the second - the working width of one body in centimeters. The industry produces hydropowered disk ploughs, LDG-5A, LDG-10A, LDG-15A and LDG-20, and plowshares PPL-10-25. PPL-5-25 and others.

Trailed disc hoe LDG-5A it is intended for peeling the soil after harvesting grain crops, caring for fields, cutting layers and crushing blocks after plowing.

Device (Fig. 36): beams 2 with four disk sections and two hydraulic cylinders 4 are attached to the frame 6 of the hoe, supported on wheels 7. Each section consists of a frame 12 and a battery 13, consisting of 16 spherical disks with a diameter of 450 mm, mounted on a square axis, separated by bushings and clamped on the axis between washers, tightened with nuts. Battery 15 is installed offset to the left, which makes it possible to process the strip in the center of the hoe and cover the gap when the angle of attack changes.

The bars 2 are pivotally connected to the frame 6 and rest on self-aligning wheels 1 and 10. The angle of attack of the disks is adjusted by changing the length of the sliding rods 3 and 8 connecting the bars to the frame. For stubble peeling, discs are installed with an angle of attack of 30…35º. When using LDH-5A in as a harrow it is reduced to 15...25º.

1, 7, 10 – wheels; 2 – timber; 9 – clamp; 3, 8 – thrust; 4 – hydraulic cylinder; 5 – earring;

6 – frame; eleven – reducer;12 – frame; 13 – battery; 14 – lifting pipe;

15 – overlapping battery; 16 – disks

Figure 36 – Hydrofed huller LDG-5A

Work process: the field is peeled across the direction of movement of the harvesting unit. When entering a furrow, the tractor driver forcibly buries the cultivator discs into the soil and directs the unit along the paddock. Due to soil resistance, the discs mounted on the battery shafts are driven into rotation and have an impact on the soil similar to that of disc harrows. Due to the fact that the angle of attack of disc cultivators is greater than that of disc harrows, the cultivator discs wrap and crumble the soil layer to a greater extent.

Semi-mounted plowshare ploughshare PPL-10-25 created for peeling stubble to a depth of 12 cm in fields infested with root sucker and rhizomatous weeds:

· for pre-sowing soil cultivation, cultivation of fallow fields to a depth of 6...14 cm;

· plowing light soils, with a resistivity of up to 0.06 MPa to a depth of 16...18 cm.

Design (Fig. 37): the working bodies of the PPL-10-25 are housings 1, which are mounted on a frame, consisting of two articulated sections: front 2 with a towing device 16 and rear 5.

The bodies have a semi-helical surface and include a stand, share, blade and field board. In the transport position, the plougher rests on the running wheels 3 of the front section. The rear section is raised by a lifting mechanism (not shown in the figure). During operation, the plougher rests on the left running wheel and two support wheels 17. This arrangement of wheels ensures good copying of the field topography, as well as the same tillage depth and working width of the bodies.

1 – body; 2, 5 – frame section; 3, 17 – wheels; 4 – axis; 6 – rod;

7, 12 – depth regulators; 8 – steering wheel; 9 – additional loader;

10 – bracket; 11 – traction; 13 – lever; 14 – hydraulic cylinder;

15 – leash; 16 – tow hitch

Figure 37 – Plowshare plow-husker PPL-10-25

W orking process: when the unit moves with a plowshare, the layer is cut at a given depth (6...14 cm) and at the same time the rhizomes of root shoot weeds are cut. The cut layer, together with the weeds, moves along the screw dump, as a result of which the rhizomes end up on the plowed surface, where they dry out and die under the influence of solar radiation.

Cultivators. Cultivation is loosening the soil while simultaneously cutting weeds and applying fertilizers. The tools used to perform this operation are called cultivators.

The classification of cultivators is as follows:

· by purpose: for continuous tillage ( steam), inter-row tillage ( row crops) And special purpose;

· according to the method of connection with the tractor: mounted And trailed.

They are used mainly for pre-sowing treatment.

Continuous cultivation is used to destroy weeds and loosen the soil when caring for fallows and preparing for sowing. It should be carried out across the previous processing or at an angle to it at a speed of 9...12 km/h, since with increasing speed the leveling of the field surface improves and good conditions are created for the operation of sowing machines.

Trailed cultivator KPS-4G designed for pre-sowing tillage and fallow treatment with simultaneous harrowing at a speed of 10...12 km/h. The working width of the cultivator is 4 m, the working depth is up to 12 cm.

Device (Fig. 38): the main assembly unit is a frame 13, supported by two support wheels 14. The working bodies are attached to the frame using beams 10 with rod mechanisms 2 - lancet legs on racks 15. The frame, using a towing device consisting of a central link 7 and two links 6 and 11, as well as a towing eyelet 9, is attached to a tractor of traction class 1,4 or 2.

1 – tooth harrow link; 2 – rod with a spring; 3 – hinge bracket;

4 – hydraulic cylinder; 5 – hydraulic system rod; 6 – left slit;

7 – central thrust; 8 – rod holder; 9 – trailed eyelet; 10 – beam;

11 – right side; 12 – footrest; 13 – frame; 14 – support wheel;

15 – pointed feet

Figure 38 – Cultivator KPS-4G

Lancet paws are intended for cutting weeds, and loosening paws on S-shaped stands with tips at their ends are intended for loosening the soil.

The designs of the working bodies of trailed cultivators for continuous tillage with a diagram of their arrangement are presented in Appendix 4.

Working process: the frame is lowered onto the field surface using a hydraulic cylinder 4 with the working parts buried to a given depth. When driving MTA buried working bodies cut weed rhizomes and loosen the soil.

The cultivator is aggregated with tractors of class 1.4. Unit productivity is up to 4.2 ha/h at an operating speed of 10 km/h.

Row Cultivators Designed for treating row spacing of potatoes, beets, cabbage, tomatoes and other crops. At the same time, they can apply mineral fertilizers directly to the row or at a distance of up to 12 cm from it. During inter-row cultivation, weeds are destroyed in the inter-row spaces, and the water-air regime of plant nutrition is also improved. Treatment of row spacing and fertilizing of plants is carried out using the working parts of cultivators.

Mounted cultivator-hiller KON-2.8 Designed for inter-row processing and feeding of potatoes planted with four-row planters.

Device (Fig. 39): four sections with working bodies 10 and fertilizer sowing devices 6 are attached to the transverse beam-frame 1, supported on wheels 18. For aggregation with a tractor, a lock is welded to the beam-frame 7 automatic couplers.

1 – timber frame; 2 – bracket; 3 – upper link; 4 – chain drive;

5 – seeding regulator; 6 – fertilizer sowing apparatus; 7 – automatic coupling lock;

8 – footboard; 9 – marking plate; 10 – working bodies;

11, 12 – holders; 13 – fertilizer line; 14 – beam; 15 – block;

16, 18 – wheels; 17 – lower link

Figure 39 – Cultivator-hiller KON-2.8 A

The section of working tools is attached to the frame by means of a four-link parallelogram mechanism, which, when lowering the wheel of section 16 on uneven soil, ensures parallel movement of the beams 14, due to which the constancy of the inclination angles of the working bodies and the depth of processing is maintained.

Depending on the operations performed, certain working parts can be installed on the sections ( see Appendix 5), as well as feeding devices for applying mineral fertilizers.

Work process: the formation of ridges along the rows of potato seedlings (hilling up) is carried out simultaneously in four rows of hiller body 10. Spearheads and double-sided blades with sliding wings are attached to the hiller body racks. The soil, cut with a rake, rises along the working surface of the dump, is loosened and raked to the rows of plants. As a result, ridges up to 25 cm high are formed.

At the same time, plants are fed with mineral fertilizers using a feeding device. The disks of the fertilizer sowing devices 6 are driven into rotation from the support wheels 16 through a toothed chain drive. As a result, mineral fertilizers enter the funnels of the feeding knives and fertilizer lines. The knives embed fertilizers into the soil to a depth of 16 cm.

The mounted cultivator-hiller is aggregated with MTZ-80, 82 tractors.

Rollers are designed to level and compact the surface layer of soil, which promotes the flow of moisture from the lower layers to the upper ones, as well as the destruction of blocks and soil crust formed after rain.

Based on the design of the working bodies, they are distinguished:

· ringed-spur;

· ring-toothed;

· harrowed;

· smooth (water-filled);

· light slatted;

· combined rollers.

The scope of use of various roller designs is as follows:

Three-section ring-spur roller ZKKSH-6(Fig. 40, a) is used for loosening the top and compacting the subsurface layer of soil, destroying the crust, lumps and leveling the plowed field. The roller consists of three sections, each of which includes two batteries with ballast boxes located one after the other. The main working parts of the skating rink are cast discs with a diameter of 529 mm with spurs.

By adjusting the ballast mass, you can change the specific pressure of the roller on the soil from 27 to 47 N/cm 2 . Operating speed up to 13 km/h, working width of three sections – 6.1 m, one – 2.09 m.

Ring-toothed roller KKN-2.8(Fig. 40, b) is intended for leveling the field surface, compacting the subsurface soil to a depth of 7 cm and loosening the surface layer of soil to a depth of 4 cm. The roller can be used in combination with beet seeders and cultivators.

The roller axle 5, attached to the frame, is freely fitted with wheels: ten wedge wheels 7 with a diameter of 350 mm and nine gear wheels 4 with a diameter of 366 mm. Specific pressure 25 N/cm2, working width 2.8 m.

Ring-tooth roller KZK-10 used for pre-sowing and post-sowing soil compaction in conjunction with DT-75S and T-150 tractors. It consists of five sections and works in the same way as the KKN-2.8 roller. Working width 10 m, working speed up to 13 km/h, productivity 10 ha/h.

a – ringed-spur; b – ring-toothed; c – mounted harrow;

g – smooth water-filled; d – light slatted; e – combined

1, 5, 10 – axes; 2, 8, 11 – disks; 3, 6, 12 – ballast boxes;

4, 7 – wheels; 9 – strips; 13 – traction chain

Figure 40 – Rollers

Mounted harrow roller KBN-3(Fig. 40, c) serves to destroy soil lumps and compact the soil before sowing with simultaneous loosening of the surface layer, as well as to destroy the soil crust on crops. It consists of five sections suspended from a crossbar on chains in a checkerboard pattern: there are three sections in the front row and two in the back row. The working width is 3.25 m. The roller is mounted on class 1.4 tractors.

Water-filled smooth roller 3KVG-1.4(Fig. 40, d) is intended for compacting the surface layer of soil before or after sowing, rolling in green fertilizers before plowing. It consists of three sections, each of which is equipped with a smooth hollow cylinder with a diameter of 700 mm, a length of 1400 mm and a capacity of 500 dm 3. The cylinders are filled with water. By changing its quantity, the specific pressure of the roller on the soil is adjusted in the range from 23 to 60 N/cm 2 . The working width is 4 m. The roller is aggregated with T-40 and MTZ-80 tractors.

Lightweight slatted roller(Fig. 40, e) are used in combined machines for additional crumbling and leveling of freshly loosened soil. The roller consists of disks 8 and toothed or smooth strips 9 welded to them. The strips can be located parallel to the axis of rotation, obliquely or along a helical line. An axle 10 is welded to the outer disks for mounting the roller on the frame.

Combined roller(Fig. 40, e) and is used in devices PVP-2.3 and PVR-3.5, aggregated with plows. The skating rink is equipped with 2 ring-spur and 11 wedge disks. Moving along a freshly plowed surface, the roller destroys blocks and large lumps of soil, additionally loosens the soil to a depth of 5...12 cm, compacts the top layer and levels the surface of the field.

The degree of soil compaction is regulated by changing the pressure on the soil due to the mass of ballast, or by rearranging the height of the connection points of the traction chain 13 of the towbar to the roller frame.

Control questions

1. Purpose, types of hulls and their design.

2. What designs of working bodies are used in hulls? Principles of their action.

3. Features of the working process of the disk hoe.

4. What main assembly units are included in the hydropowered trailed disc harrow LDG-5A?

5. Purpose of the semi-mounted plowshare ploughshare PPL-10-25. How to decipher the letters and numbers in the huller stamp?

6. Features of the working process of the plowshare hoe PPL-10-25.

7. Purpose of harrows, by what criteria are they classified?

8. Name the brands of disc harrows produced by industry.

9. By what criteria are tooth harrows classified?

10. List the configurations of the working body of tooth harrows.

11. How does a tooth harrow work?

12. Name the brands of tooth harrows produced by industry and their purpose.

13. Purpose of cultivators and their types.

14. What operation is performed by cultivators equipped with loosening and sweeping tines?

15. List the types of working parts of row-crop cultivators.

16. What machines are used for pre-sowing and post-sowing soil compaction in conditions of lack or excess of soil moisture?

The main purpose of the cultivator is automated loosening of the soil layer. It can be used not only for plowing, but also for crushing earthen boulders, eradicating weeds, and leveling the earthen surface.

Until recently, gardeners did not have cultivators, and they only used hand-held devices. And, despite the fact that gardening work is not so large in volume, it still requires considerable physical effort. This is where a cultivator comes to the rescue. In this article we will consider their types depending on their purpose.

Varieties by power and weight

Cultivators can be divided into groups based on characteristics such as power and weight.
If we talk about the weight category of the unit, it can be:

Ultralight. In this case, the width of the cultivation is no more than 30 cm, the depth can reach up to 10 cm, and this structure weighs from 10 to 15 kg. This model is usually used in small summer cottages for weeding between beds, carefully caring for narrow flower beds with low-growing plants, as well as other gardening work in those places of the garden where the width of the cultivated soil layer has spatial limitations;

Light. Its cultivation width reaches 40-50 cm, depth from 10 to 15 cm, and weight from 35 to 40 kg. The efficiency of such a device significantly exceeds the performance of an ultra-light model. The disadvantage of such a cultivator is the impossibility of using it in narrow areas, the width of which is less than 25 cm;

Average Such a cultivator has a processing width of 80-90 cm, a depth that can reach up to 20 cm, and this design already weighs about 65-70 kg. Thanks to the use of such a unit, it is possible to fully cultivate a large vegetable garden, using additional tools and equipment;

Heavy. This model of cultivator is already a professional equipment used for working on farm lands and when carrying out landscaping work.

Good to know: When choosing a cultivator, first of all you need to decide what you are going to process with it, and then study all the additional characteristics.

Classification by engine type

Depending on the type of engine, cultivators can be divided into three types:

Gasoline cultivator. This model will be good when a large amount of work is planned that requires a lot of effort. Only under such conditions will the costs of purchasing high-quality fuel (the vast majority of gasoline models require specific grades of fuel raw materials strictly specified in the instructions) and repairs be justified. This is one of the most complex models, the distinguishing feature of which is a high level of power. In a gasoline cultivator, it is recommended to carefully monitor the process of soot formation, since this fact is the main cause of engine malfunction;

Electric cultivator. This model is very successful for processing small flower beds and mini vegetable gardens. In this case, the area to be treated depends on the distance to the electrical outlet and the length of the extension cord;

Battery models. Their operation is based on power from an internal battery. It is thanks to the presence of the latter that such models are characterized by mobility.

Types depending on drive type

By type of drive we can distinguish:

Manual cultivators, which are low cost and very easy to manage. Despite all the advantages, this model does not allow cultivating large areas and is unable to cope with clay soils;

A model like a motor cultivator, costs a little more, but this is justified by its long-term operation and high power.

Division by type of work element and type of land cultivation

According to the type of working element, cultivators can be divided into the following groups:

Share units;
Milling models;
Cultivators equipped with disc coulters;
Cultivators with pointed feet.

In addition to all of the above, you can find models equipped with passive or completely stationary sharp knives, which function thanks to the traction of the unit itself, as well as models with actively moving knives operating under the influence of their own drive.

Depending on the type of land cultivation, all cultivators can be divided into the following groups:

Steam cultivators, which are used for initial tillage before sowing;
row crop models, which are intended directly for processing the crops themselves.

Based on the foregoing, we can say that when choosing a particular cultivator model, you should pay attention to its type. As we can see, not all units are absolutely universal and suitable for all types of agricultural work.

From this video you can learn more about what types of cultivators exist and how to choose the right one:

It is often quite difficult to purchase a cultivator that is suitable for price and performance. On sale you can find a variety of equipment for cultivating land with different technical capabilities. How to choose a cultivator for your garden, which one will best cope with the tasks?

A cultivator is a device that is designed to facilitate agricultural work. With its help, you can loosen the soil on the site, hill it up, remove weeds and fertilize crops.

Before purchasing such garden equipment, you should decide on the main purpose of its use. This will allow you to avoid unnecessary financial costs and purchase a cultivator with optimal required characteristics.

The main criteria for choosing such agricultural machinery are:

area of cultivated land;
what work needs to be done using a cultivator;
features of soil composition;
relief characteristics of the area;
cultivator power;
equipment performance.

When choosing a cultivator, you need to pay attention to the ease of use. Some cultivators have a practical handle that makes it easy to turn the machine in any direction.

There are equipment with optimal capabilities - motor cultivators. They include a range of functions that can be used to perform many soil cultivation operations.

Many cultivators may include various additional devices that are attached to the device to expand its operating capabilities. This could be a mounted rotary mower, a plow, a device for digging up potatoes, or a hiller. There are motor cultivators with a trailer or trolley.

Comparative table of technical characteristics of various types of cultivators:

Types of cultivators according to operating principle

Equipment for loosening the soil can be powered by either gasoline or electricity and a battery. Each type of cultivator has its own characteristics.

Gasoline

Petrol-powered cultivators are the best option for cultivating large plots of land. This technique is distinguished by its high productivity.

There are two types of gasoline-powered cultivators:

four-stroke – runs on gasoline;
two-stroke - oil mixed with gasoline is poured into the engine.

A four-stroke motor cultivator is an improved device that during operation consumes less fuel and creates a minimum of vibration and noise.

Characteristics of the petrol cultivator “ELITECH KB 60N”:

engine – four-stroke, single-cylinder;
cutter diameter – 33 cm;
power – 6.5 l/s;
processing width – up to 65 cm;
weight – 56 kg;
fuel tank volume – 3 l.

The cultivator has six cutters and is designed for loosening and hilling soil in personal plots and fluffing up virgin soil. You can add attachments to it for digging up potatoes and adding fertilizer to the soil. The recommended treatment area is 1500 m².

Electrical

In small summer cottages, electric cultivators are mainly used. This technique is characterized by its low weight and size. For the drug to work, access to an electrical network is required.

The depth of loosening and engine power of an electric cultivator is significantly less than that of gasoline-powered soil cultivation equipment. The device is easy to use and indispensable when processing small areas of land near the house.

Characteristics of the electric cultivator "HYUNDAI T2000E66":

power – 2 kW;
processing width – 55 cm;
plowing depth – 25 cm;
cutter diameter – 28 cm;
weight – 30 kg.

This device operates from a 220V network. Perfect for loosening the soil and weeding areas up to 10 acres.

The cultivator has four cutters for cultivating the soil and one forward gear. The device is equipped with a special fence that prevents cultivated plants from reaching the working tool. The convenient handle is adjustable to the required height.

Rechargeable

Among summer residents, small battery-powered equipment for loosening the soil near the estate is popular. Such cultivators do not require connection to a network and, unlike gasoline-powered machines, are lighter in weight, do not emit smoke, and operate quietly.

Battery cultivators are designed for cultivating soil in greenhouses, around trees, and between rows in garden beds. The disadvantage of the device is the limited time of use. The battery charge lasts from thirty minutes to one hour. After this time, the battery is charged for eight hours.

Characteristics of the Zirka T20XD battery cultivator:

power – 600 W;
cultivation width – 45 cm;
processing depth – 15 cm;
Battery operating time – 40 minutes;
weight – 30 kg.

The cultivator is designed for cultivating light top layers of soil. The device has four cutters. It is not capable of processing heavy clay soil, as well as soil that has not been previously cultivated.

Types of cultivators: classes

Based on technical characteristics and weight category, cultivators are divided into classes.

Ultralight class

Cultivators belonging to the ultra-light category are used for cultivating small vegetable gardens, flower beds, greenhouses or greenhouses. Thanks to its small dimensions, x is easy to transport. Some models have a removable handle, and they fit compactly into a bag or backpack.

Ultralight models have common technical indicators:

power – from 1.5 to 3 l/s;
weight – up to 15 kg;
grip width – 20-30 cm;
processing depth – up to 13 cm.

You can work with such a cultivator only on previously cultivated soils, where a large number of weeds do not grow.

Ultralight cultivator "Sadko T-240"

Small agricultural equipment for cultivating soil without turning over soil layers. Helps keep small vegetable gardens and flower beds in order. Can be used for hilling.

It has the following operating parameters:

engine – petrol, two-stroke;
power – 1.7 l/s;
speed transmission – 1 forward;
processing depth – 12 cm;
cultivated width – 23 cm;
weight – 14.5 kg.

The cultivator is supplied with four cutters.

Light class

This cultivator is used for cultivating small plots of land with soft soil. It is considered as a device for additional loosening of the earth after processing with a tractor or other heavy equipment.

The light class includes equipment with the following capabilities:

power – from 2.5 to 4.5 l/s;
weight – up to 45kg;
loosening width – 35-50 cm;
tillage to a depth of up to 35 cm.

Such cultivators are easy to move. Such a device is usually accompanied by a small hiller for forming planting furrows.

Light cultivator “Viking HB445.2R”

The cultivator copes well with soil cultivation in small gardens. Its special feature is reverse gear support. Reversing movement significantly increases the maneuverability of the product, which is of particular value when turning in small areas.

Technical properties of the cultivator:

power -3.5 l/s;
power source – gasoline;
engine – four-stroke;
weight – 40 kg;
cultivation width – 45 cm;
processing depth – 25 cm.

For easy control, the cultivator is equipped with a steering wheel with comfortable handles. The design of the product allows the installation of additional devices to expand functionality.

Middle class

The average group of cultivators can cultivate not only light soil, but also soil with a clay composition. General characteristics of the middle class include:

engine power – from 4 to 6 l/s;
weight category – 45 -60 kg;
working width – up to 85 cm;
loosening depth – from 25 to 35 cm.

With such cultivators, using cutters you can not only cultivate the soil, but also move around. As additional equipment, a mower, plow, harrow or hiller is installed on medium models.

Middle class cultivator model - “Pubert ARO 55 PC3”

Sufficiently powerful equipment for cultivating land plots. Thanks to the chain gearbox, this cultivator can efficiently loosen the soil to the lowest layers.

Technical features of the model:

engine type – petrol;
maximum power – 5.5 l/s;
product weight – 58 kg;
grip along the width of cultivation – from 60 to 85 cm;
processing depth – 32 cm.

The device has two forward gears and one reverse gear. The model copes well with processing virgin soil. In second gear it can grind weeds with roots. The kit includes four cutters that can be adjusted to the required size.

Heavy class

The group of heavy walk-behind tractors includes equipment for cultivating virgin lands. It has higher technical performance:

power – more than 10 l/s;
weight – over 60 kg;
working width – more than 1 m;
loosening in depth - from 25 cm.

You can lower the cultivator into the soil and raise it by pressing the handle - down or up. When working with a walk-behind tractor, the pressure ratio is one kilogram per centimeter.

Heavy-duty walk-behind tractor "Patriot Boston 9DE"

The device is a mini-tractor that is designed to perform various agricultural tasks at a professional level.

Characteristics of the walk-behind tractor:

power – 9 l/s;
engine – diesel, four-stroke;
product weight – 164 kg;
processing depth –28 cm;
loosening width – 135 cm.

The cultivator has two forward and one reverse gears. The set includes 8 cutters. The device is capable of processing heavy soils and virgin soil. Thanks to the presence of a power take-off shaft, various additional equipment can be installed.

Various designs of cultivators are produced. Each model has its own technical capabilities and different levels of performance. Before purchasing equipment for cultivating land on a site, you should determine the main tasks of its use.

Purpose of the KON-2.8 cultivator

It is used for processing four-row potato plantings with row spacing of 70 cm, forming ridges, pre-emergence harrowing, harrowing at seedlings, hilling, feeding plants with bulk mineral fertilizers. Provides high-quality loosening of the soil between rows to a given depth with the destruction of weeds, a parallelogram suspension of sections of working bodies ensures copying of the soil topography, atmospheric pressure tires and rubber-coated cultivator rollers ensure their self-cleaning of adhering dirt. Basic equipment: set of hillers. Additional equipment:

· feeding device for applying bulk mineral fertilizers

· set of rotors for hiller

· single-sided flat-cutting paws (right and left)

· set of pointed paws

· mesh harrow BS-3.

It is aggregated with universal row-crop tractors of traction class 1.4 (MTZ-80/82, YuMZ-6AM/6AL). The method of aggregation is mounted using an automatic coupler SA-1. The cultivator is supplied to the consumer in the following configuration:

· KON-2.8A-04 - with paws not coated with hard alloy, a rotary harrow, a feeding device (without ATP-2 and without a mesh harrow).

· KON-2.8A-05 - with tines not coated with hard alloy, rotary harrow (without feeding device and without mesh harrow).

SPECIFICATIONS

1. Mounted type

2. Productivity, ha/h 2.2-2.4

3. Operating speed, km/h 10

4. Number of processed rows 4

5. Working width, m 2.8

6. Fertilizer placement depth, cm up to 16

7. Fertilizer seeding rate, kg/ha30 -700

7. Overall dimensions, mm 2450x3200x1620

8. Weight, kg 660

Design of the KON-2.8 cultivator

The KON-2.8PM cultivator consists of a frame with suspension and support wheels and five sections with working bodies and gauge wheels. The basis of the frame is a square beam. Two posts with holes for connecting the upper link of the tractor linkage and two brackets with pins for connecting to the lower links of the tractor linkage are welded to the beam. Support wheels are attached to the brackets of the outer sections, which ensure that the timber is positioned horizontally above the field surface during operation.

The brackets for the mesh harrow are also mounted on the beam. To prevent the long rods of the brackets from bending, trusses with tension devices are provided. In addition to the mounted harrow, the cultivator is equipped with a set of various working parts for cutting weeds and loosening the surface layer of soil between rows, hilling plants and feeding them with mineral fertilizers. To perform the last operation, fertilizer sowing devices of the ATD type with fertilizer pipes and feeding knives are installed on the cultivator. Drive to the devices by chain transmission from support wheels.

For harrowing (before and after germination) of potato plantings on ridges of various heights, a rotary universal harrow BRU-0.7 is used, consisting of five sections mounted on a cultivator. The design of the cultivator allows sections with working bodies to be moved along the beam and installed for processing row spacing of various widths. When the cultivator is lifted to the transport position, sowing of fertilizers stops, as the rotation of the support wheels stops.

The tractor driver drives into the rows in such a way as to capture 4 rows planted with a planter in one pass. The cultivator penetrates the soil due to the inclination of the paws, weight and speed. The blades of the paws cut the roots of the weeds, the soil, rising along the paw and falling from it, crumbles. When the hillers are installed, the soil comes off them and falls onto the rows. Feeding knives apply fertilizers to the soil, next to the root system. Stem outlets installed in front of the tractor wheels and cultivator support-drive wheels preserve the crowns of plants. When the cultivator is equipped with mesh or rotary harrows, the entire surface of the field is loosened and weeds are destroyed over the entire surface of the field. When cutting ridges, the cultivator is equipped with markers.

Maintenance

Maintenance (servicing) carried out during the operation of agricultural/economic machinery prevents the occurrence of malfunctions and failures. A distinction is made between shift-based, periodic (three levels - TO-1, TO-2, TO-3), seasonal, as well as during storage and transportation, during run-in, and before use.

Monthly maintenance is carried out by the operator of agricultural machinery before the start and at the end of the work shift. The service includes work on lubrication of the machine, provided for in the lubrication card, control inspection before putting into operation the working parts of the machine, chassis, control system, brakes, safety devices, lighting.

Periodic, scheduled maintenance is carried out at certain intervals established by the manufacturer. These include:

· cleaning and washing the car,

· inspection and monitoring of the condition of parts, assemblies, electric, hydraulic and pneumatic drive systems, working equipment in order to identify malfunctions and eliminate detected defects,

· fastening, control, adjustment and lubrication works.

When carrying out TO-1, it includes all the work of daily maintenance, during TO-2 - all the work of TO-1, and the work of TO-3 is combined with current repairs.

Seasonal maintenance is carried out twice a year to prepare vehicles for operation during the subsequent season (summer and winter). During seasonal maintenance in machine systems (brake, cooling, lubrication, hydraulic drive, etc.), operating oils and fluids are replaced with flushing of the systems, insulation, additional devices for starting engines, etc. are installed or removed.

When storing agricultural machinery, they are cleaned and washed, damaged areas are painted, regular maintenance is carried out, the hydraulic and brake systems are washed and filled with new operating fluids, anti-corrosion lubricant is applied to metal parts susceptible to corrosion, and the machine is protected from precipitation. During storage, periodic conservation maintenance is carried out.

During maintenance, great importance is attached to technical diagnostics, carried out using special diagnostic tools and consisting in checking the serviceability of equipment and (or) its components, searching for defects, collecting data to predict the residual life or the probability of failure-free operation during the inter-control period. Based on the diagnostic results, decisions are made on the possibility of further operation of the machine with the assigned resource or on the need for routine or major repairs.

Adjustments of the KON-2.8 cultivator

The mounted cultivator-hiller KON-2.8 has sections of working parts with group adjustment of the processing depth, which increases the utilization rate of working time, the level of unification and the technical reliability of the machine. The KON-2.8 mounted cultivator-hiller is mounted on the rear agricultural hitch of the MTZ tractor in a matter of minutes, which allows you to quickly change one attachment to another.

Depth of paw travel - by rearranging the stand along the beam

Width of the protective zone - The paws should not damage the root system of the potato, therefore, the later the processing, the narrower the paw.

The rate of fertilizer application is with a gate on the fertilizer sowing apparatus.

Marker overhang - the width of the butt row spacing should be 70±10 cm.

Drawing of main components

Row crop cultivator KON-2.8: 1 - Paw, 2 - Stand, 3 - Beam, 4 - Feeding knife, 5 - Parallelogram frame, 6 - Gauge wheel, 7 - Frame, 8 - Attachment, 9 - Drive mechanism, 10 - Fertilizer line, 11 - Fertilizer sowing apparatus ATD-2, 12 - Support-drive wheels.

Bibliography

1. Vorobyov V.A., Kalinnikov V.V., Kolchinsky Yu.L. and others. Mechanization and automation of agricultural production: - KolosS, 2004, 544 pp.

2. Mechanization and electrification of agricultural production: - KolosS, 552 pp.

3. Mechanization of agricultural production: - KolosS, 2009, 320 pp.

4. Workshop on mechanization and automation of agricultural production: - KolosS, 2009, 216 pp.