Vertical layout of the area. Engineering improvement

The garden area around the house can be flat or sloping. Regardless of the terrain, the process will definitely require a vertical site planning project.

Vertical planning means carrying out engineering work to artificially change, transform and improve the terrain. Vertical planning of the area is one of the most important procedures in the process of landscaping and engineering preparation of territories.

When organizing the relief of a site, it is necessary to try to minimize the amount of work carried out, while preserving the plant soil and fulfilling some requirements:

1. When creating sites, it is necessary to take into account their division into functional zones, as well as the organization of drainage of storm and flood waters from the land plot.
2. Decrease in groundwater level.
3. Stormwater drainage should not be carried out through the area of ​​a residential building.
4. Complete isolation from other storm water drains from the yard.

On a land plot that has differences in the level of location of individual territories relative to the surface of the earth, careful vertical planning of the site is required. One of the simplest elements of vertical planning are slopes, which represent a transition from one area to another when their levels differ.

In this video you can look at an example of a vertical layout from professional architects.

As a rule, the vertical planning project of a site is carried out in the following order:

1. Layout of alleys, park paths, sites for various purposes - that is, planning elements of the territory that require careful adherence to possible surface slopes.
2. Production of projects for green spaces - planning elements that allow various surface slopes.

1. Creation of a detailed layout of the territory, as well as the construction of its high-rise frame with the further determination of the general high-rise solution of the site in accordance with the design elevations and surface slopes, ensuring the organization of melt and surface water runoff.
2. Creation of a detailed project for the vertical solution of the site by establishing new contours and designing a new terrain.
3. The working stage, which includes the development of a detailed cartogram of earthworks, with an accurate calculation of soil volumes.

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A well-executed plan can significantly improve the appearance of the land, as well as its hygienic condition, ridding the area of ​​accumulations of dirt and water.

According to landscape designers, the optimal topography of a plot of land is considered to be one that is flat or inclined to the south or east. Other directions, especially to the north, should be avoided.

Example of vertical site layout

Vertical planning methods

Very often, owners of uneven and sloping areas are faced with the fact that on such terrain it is simply impossible to implement many landscape design ideas. For this reason, it is necessary to seek help from specialists, for whom calculating the vertical layout to extract benefit from the scarcest areas is not difficult at all.

If the garden landscape is fairly flat, then a residential building, garden buildings, and various green spaces can be located here. As a rule, small slopes are erected next to the walls, designed to drain groundwater to the boundaries of the site or main paths. The slope is created by pouring soil in the required places on the site, and the paths themselves are made of hard materials. In addition, drainage is provided on both sides for high-quality drainage of storm water to the road ditch. These works can also be carried out with many other types of site planning.

Small slopes made when planning a garden plot

The project of vertical planning of the territory with a slope to the south makes it possible to obtain quite rich vegetation, since trees and shrubs grow simply wonderful on such a slope. In this case, it is recommended to locate the residential building at the highest point of the plot, as close as possible to the eastern border. Outbuildings, in turn, should be located at the bottom of the site.

Principles of designing the relief of a city territory

(Vertical layout)

Vertical planning of the territory is carried out with the aim of changing the existing terrain to improve the conditions for building sites, ensuring surface drainage and laying gravity sewer networks, as well as organizing convenient and safe movement of vehicles and pedestrians.

Vertical planning is carried out when designing buildings and structures, including in the process of restoration of architectural monuments. The security of an object from adverse environmental conditions largely depends on the quality of the vertical layout.

When designing a vertical layout, it is necessary to strive to obtain a zero balance of earthworks: the volumes of embankments should be equal to the volumes of excavation, since earthworks are associated with significant costs and changes in natural conditions.

When developing vertical planning projects, one must strive to preserve the existing natural terrain, green spaces and soil cover to the maximum possible extent. In this regard, vertical planning is provided, as a rule, on land plots occupied by buildings, structures, streets, roads and squares. A continuous vertical layout can be used in the territories of public centers with a building density of over 25%, as well as when the territory is heavily saturated with roads and utility networks.

The design and formation of the relief is checked by prototyping methods, as well as using computer technology in combination with data from aerospace and ground surveys of the area. At the same time, from certain points of perception of the terrain, a 3D visualization of the existing landscape is performed with the inclusion of elements of the designed relief.

Natural relief is a set of simple and complex forms of the earth's surface.

Vertical planning of an urban area refers to measures aimed at improving the natural relief.

Vertical planning measures should, as a rule, be carried out before the development of streets or city blocks.

Vertical planning tasks:

1. For development– identification of territory with unacceptably steep slopes and with terrain that limits the length of buildings; localization of areas inconvenient for development; identification of high relief points that are most important for creating the city’s silhouette;

2. For street tracing– identification of areas whose terrain is unsuitable for laying streets; selection of street directions that are most appropriate in relation to the terrain (from the longitudinal slope);

3. For organization of surface runoff– definitions of watersheds and towers; identification of territories with ensured surface drainage and drainage-free territories that require the installation of storm sewers (drains) prior to development; identification of possible routes for the main storm sewer collectors;

4. To solve particular problems of vertical planning undeveloped areas, for example, airfields, gardens and parks, stadiums, etc.

There are different types of relief in urban areas:

Flat terrain(for example, St. Petersburg) - weakly expressed, without hills, mounds, holes, ravines, typical of marshy areas, meadows and steppes;

Average(Moscow) - with hills, small valleys, basins, ravines;

Difficult(Kyiv) - with pronounced steep slopes and hills.

The relief is depicted in the form of a horizontal plan. The relief of the territory determines the planning composition of the city master plan. The most favorable area for planning decisions is an area with a topography with slopes ranging from 0.5 to 6%. In this case, it is possible to trace a rectangular street network with a minimum slope of 0.3%. The upper limit allows streets to be routed perpendicular to horizontal lines with a maximum slope of 6%.

The terrain with a uniform slope within the specified limits does not create restrictions for routing the street network (with the exception of main streets, for which the upper limit should be reduced to 4%).

With a terrain with a slope of 8%, the routing of streets at an angle of 45 o to the horizontal allows them to maintain their longitudinal slope within a range of up to 6%.

In conditions of complex terrain, street routes can be designed according to three schemes:

Across the horizontal lines that is, along the greatest slope; such a scheme is sometimes necessary to create the shortest route between individual points of the city, but it is advisable only for residential streets and intra-block driveways, with minor excavation work and maintaining large slopes;

Along the horizontals that is, with the smallest slopes; this scheme is beneficial for highways with heavy traffic, but when creating the transverse profile of the street, it requires relatively large excavations, and sometimes the construction of retaining walls; in addition, buildings on both sides of the street may be at different heights in relation to each other;

Diagonally to the horizontals, that is, in a combination of the first and second schemes; This technique can be successfully used on flat slopes.

The general slope of the urban area is less than 0.5%, requiring the installation of drains on all streets.

The greatest demands on terrain conditions are placed on the territories of industrial enterprises and railway transport, which require prolonged minimum slopes. In second place are residential areas, which can be located on territories with significant slopes, but only at the expense of some inconveniences both in the outline of the street network and in the internal organization of the blocks. In third place are territories intended for recreation areas; the latter are more free in terms of terrain requirements. Finally, the least requirements are placed on the topography of green areas, the picturesqueness of which is enhanced by the rugged topography.

Creating a new relief by transforming its natural forms is the main task of vertical planning.

The development of a vertical layout begins with a study of the terrain of the territory shown on the plan. Reference points are outlined - in the form of marks of the main engineering structures, intersections of railway tracks with the designed streets, individual large buildings, as well as the boundaries of flooding of the coastal area by catastrophic floods. The reference points subsequently serve as reference points when determining the elevations of future blocks and streets.

“Earth work balance” - the volume of excavation work was approximately equal to the volume of embankments.

The vertical layout scheme is being developed simultaneously with the preparation of the city master plan. The scale of the diagram is 1: 5,000 or 1: 10,000.

The starting materials for drawing up a vertical planning scheme are a topographic plan on a scale of 1: 5,000 (or 1: 10,000) with a relief section every 1 m or, in cases of complex terrain, every 2 m, with additional data on the altitude position of supporting structures.

The graphical part of the diagram is presented as:

Plan(on the scale of the original materials) with drawing of design elevation marks at the intersections of street axes and at the turning points of design slopes, with indication of slopes in hundredths (percent) or thousandths and distances along the street axes;

Longitudinal profiles along sections of highways with difficult terrain. The horizontal scale of the profiles must correspond to the scale of the plan. Markings on the plan and profiles are indicated with an accuracy of 0.01 m, slopes - up to 0.001 (or 0.1%), distances - up to 1 m. On secondary streets with small blocks, vertical layout marks can only be shown in the main directions surface water flow, indicating on other streets only the direction of flow with arrows.

On the plan, the design and existing marks of the street axes and the direction of the slopes are written down, with the design marks indicated in the numerator, and the existing marks in the denominator. In characteristic places, work marks are applied showing embankments with a plus sign (+) and excavations with a sign (-).

The direction of the slopes between the design marks is indicated by arrows.

When drawing up a city project, the surface of its territory must be planned in such a way that atmospheric waters have, as far as possible, free flow from the blocks onto the city streets, and through them into the nearest natural reservoirs or closed drains. Therefore, the altitude position of the territory of individual blocks should be planned so that the drainage of all surface waters of the block onto the streets is fully ensured. The passage of water through the territory of adjacent blocks is undesirable. Longitudinal slopes of streets must meet the requirements of transport and drainage and are allowed in the range from 0.5 to 10%, depending on the type of road surface and street category.

When tracing streets along the banks of rivers, lakes and ponds, street marks must be set taking into account the level of the highest flood horizon.

A coordinated solution of horizontal and vertical layouts eliminates the possibility of incorrect location of streets and buildings not only in plan, but also in height.

Economical vertical layout depends on conditions:

Thorough study of the terrain when determining street routes and placement of blocks;

Successful use of soil inside neighborhoods for filling green areas;

Shortest distances for transporting soil masses;

The greatest use of mechanisms is for the production of excavation work on a vertical layout.

Vertical planning materials serve as the main documents for planning assignments for urban construction of all types.

Vertical layout project consists of a relief organization plan and a plan of earth masses (cartograms of earthworks). In the relief organization project, a vertical layout diagram on a topographic plan at a scale of 1:5,000 or 1:2,000.

Drawing up a vertical layout diagram is preceded by a process of detailed study of the relief, which is the most important component of the landscape. It is the relief that often predetermines the compositional and planning solution of an object. The assessment of the existing relief is carried out mainly according to the topographic plan. First of all, watershed lines are outlined and the directions of surface water flow and the laying of sewerage networks are established. Then the slopes in the direction of surface water flow along the axes of streets and roads are determined. If these slopes are within acceptable values, then they are limited to minimal work to smooth out the terrain on individual sections of the routes. Otherwise, it is necessary to redevelop the territory with adjustments to the routes of streets and roads and the installation of artificial structures (overpasses, tunnels, etc.).

For the most characteristic (reference) points, existing (black) marks are determined (using the interpolation method), then design (red) marks are established to give the surface the necessary slopes. On rice. A fragment of a vertical layout diagram of a section of an urban area is shown. The intersection points of streets and roads, as well as the inflection points of the relief are considered reference points. Near the reference point the following are signed: black marks (lower numbers), red (design) marks (upper numbers) and working marks (middle right). Working marks are calculated as the difference between the red and black marks for each point. Working marks with a sign (+) indicate embankment (filling) of soil, and with a sign (-) - cutting (excavation) of soil. Between the reference points, arrows indicate the directions of the slopes. The numbers above the arrows indicate the design longitudinal slopes of streets and roads (in ppm), and the distances between reference points (in meters) are indicated below the arrows.

Design slopes are calculated from the expression:

i = (H 2 - H 1)/ l,

Where H 1 And H2- design marks of two points, l- horizontal projection of the distance between these points.

The maximum permissible longitudinal slopes depend on the category of roads and are established SNiPs within 40-80 ‰ The greatest slopes for streets are 50 ‰, for intra-block driveways - 80 ‰. If the longitudinal slopes of sidewalks are more than 60 ‰, it is necessary to provide for the construction of stairs and the division of such sidewalks into separate, flatter sections. The average cross slope of the street (driveway) is 20 - 30 ‰. The resulting slopes in the direction of which surface water flows are calculated using the formula:

Transverse slopes of lawns on streets are accepted within the range of 5 - 50 ‰.

Based on the vertical layout diagram, by further detailing it, vertical layout projects for individual streets, roads, squares, etc. are drawn up.

The following vertical planning methods are used: profiles, design (red) contours and a combined method, which is a combination of them.

Since any site has its own relief - it can be either flat or sloping - and you want to equip it, therefore, in any case, a vertical layout of the site is needed here.

By this we mean the engineering work of altering the terrain to improve it. And just vertical planning is one of the most important works in the design of territories.

When performing excavation work to transform the relief, you must strive to preserve vegetation as much as possible, and therefore the soil, and fulfill the following requirements:

1. When creating a site, you need to take into account that it will be divided into certain zones that will perform different functions. We also need to organize the drainage of rainwater and floods from our site.
2. Reduce groundwater levels.
3. Rainwater must not be drained through a residential building.
4. Completely isolate rain flows in the yard from other drains.

If there are many differences in your territory, then a particularly careful vertical planning of the land plot is required. One of the options for solving this problem is slopes that will connect your site at different levels.

Drainage system

The procedure for completing a vertical planning project

• First, alleys, park paths, sites that perform different functions are planned, or in other words, components of the territory that require strict adherence to slopes.
• Design of land plantings - components of the territory that allow different plane slopes.

Vertical planning can be divided into three stages

1. A detailed planning scheme for the territory is created and its high-rise frame is built with a height solution, which must be consistent with other marks on the surface of the site. This is necessary for high-quality organization of water flow.
2. New horizontal lines are being drawn and a new terrain is being designed.
3. A detailed cartogram of earthworks is developed and the exact volume of soil is calculated.

Layout of the site taking into account the difference in ground level

The land, its appearance and cleanliness will be much better if the work is planned responsibly.

As landscape designers advise, the terrain is good if it is flat or inclined to the south or east. A tilt to the north should not be allowed.

Vertical planning methods

Often, those who own uneven or sloping areas have problems that prevent planned landscaping projects from being implemented in their area. For this There are specialists you should turn to for help. It is not difficult for them to calculate the vertical layout in order to extract the maximum benefit from any area, even the most complex, and realize your plans.

A building can be erected on a flat landscape. Often, a slight slope is made behind the walls to drain groundwater to the boundaries of the site. To do this, make an embankment of soil in the right place, and then make paths from solid material. Rainwater drainage is provided on both sides.

If the site is inclined to the south, then you should not have problems with landscaping, because vegetation behaves very well in such conditions. Designers recommend placing the house at the highest point and on the eastern side of the site. It is better to place outbuildings at the lowest point of the site.

When, if your site is inclined to the west and east, it is better to place buildings in the north. This arrangement will not interfere with the plants. If you want to have trees, they need to be placed so that the shadow of buildings does not fall on them and does not interfere with growth. If the slope on the site is quite large - 20 degrees or more, this can create difficulties - the water will drain quickly enough and wash out the soil in its path. To do this, you need to properly calculate the drainage system. The formation of terraces with walls and the construction of paths with steps and ramps will also help here. Drainage is designed taking into account the features of the relief. Water drains are placed at the bottom of the site.

Plot with a slope

If the site is horizontal, then it would be best to add more soil, decorating the sides with tiles, natural stone or brick. If the slopes are high, they need to be strengthened with wooden pegs and concrete mortar.

House construction and vertical layout

If you want to build a private house on your site, then you need to find out what the vertical position of the house will be - find out what the height of the floor or plinth will be and what the soil layout will be on the construction plane.

All this is needed in order to:

• it was possible to determine how pits, trenches, pillows and foundations would be located.
• rainwater could be properly drained.
• above-foundation structures were above the snow level.

To solve these problems you need:

1. Call a specialist to conduct a geodetic survey of the area to find out changes in elevations on the site, as well as determine the situation with regard to groundwater and the level of soil freezing.
2. Make a mound of earth to raise the level of the construction site.
3. Determine what the foundation design will be so that it is located higher than the groundwater level.
4. Find out what the height of the base will be - the part of the foundation that is above the ground.
5. Properly build a blind area, water grooves, and design the terrain well in order to drain rain and melt water.
6. In order for groundwater to wash the foundation, proper drainage must be done.

After the surveyor carries out geodetic surveys and surveys, it will be possible to determine and evaluate the deviation of the site surface itself from the horizontal level.

Location of objects on the site

Types of sites:

• Almost flat and horizontal;
• A site with a slight slope, and as a result, a difference of a maximum of 0.4 m;
• A site where the height difference is large - from 0.4 m to 1 m;
• A site located on a slope with differences of more than 1 m.

In all of the above cases, it is necessary to raise the soil level by adding soil.

The embankment has the following advantages:

1. You can increase the bearing capacity of the soil under the foundation.
2. The soil does not freeze so much, that is, soil heaving is reduced, which is therefore beneficial for the foundation.
3. It is easier to design the drainage of rain and melt water.
4. The dry zone increases.
5. Since it was noticed that after the construction of a house, the soil level on the site increases when it is landscaped by bringing in the soil itself, as a result of this the house may end up in a lowland.
6. Since in most cases soil remains from the dug pit, it can be placed in an embankment.

If the area is without slope

Usually, if the area is very flat and there is a lot of groundwater, then it is located in a wetland or some kind of lowland. Usually in such cases there is no need for careful planning of rainwater and flood drainage.

Schematic layout of the house, garden and outbuildings

In these cases, a shallow or non-buried foundation and earth fill must be carefully planned. Its thickness should be from 0.2 to 0.5 m. For this, different soils are used, but they do not contain peat or vegetation. Sand mixtures with layer-by-layer compaction are used in trenches and cushions.

In any case, the embankment has only an advantage and is used not only in marshy areas.

If the site is located on a slope

If the slope at the corners of the site is up to one meter, it is most profitable to level it by filling the soil. The sole must be made at the same level, despite the fact that the foundation is located on a slope.

What to do with a site on a slope (video)

If the difference is 0.3-0.4 m

Soil is dumped horizontally. In this case, the height of the base will be the same throughout the entire plane.

You will save money if on the lower slope the base of the foundation is on the surface, and on the upper part of the site it is, on the contrary, buried.

After the foundation has been cast or built, you can begin filling the embankment.

Landscape formation

If the slope is from 0.4-1 m

Horizontal filling is not done, but only reduces the magnitude of the difference. Here they do a strip pouring of the foundation on the embankment itself.

At the bottom of the site, the top soil is removed and sandy gravel is poured under the foundation cushion. At the top of the platform, a cushion is made in the trench at the same level. The thickness and width of the sand cushions are made based on calculations of the strip foundation, using methodological indications.

It is undesirable to make the embankment under the foundation more than 0.6 m. Although it is compacted in layers, over time it will still shrink significantly, incompatible with the standards, which will lead to deformation of the building.

On a steep slope with a difference in angles of more than 1 m

In this case, it is most profitable to design a basement. It is necessary to make drainage on the walls of the basement.

As you can see, if you approach the vertical planning project correctly, this will ensure the durability of the buildings; you can change the relief to suit you, as you need, so that everything looks aesthetically pleasing and is functional.

Vertical layout- an important element of engineering preparation of the territory. Its purpose is to bring the natural relief into a state that corresponds to the most favorable conditions for the overall planning solution. During the construction and reconstruction of populated areas, using vertical planning, a street network is constructed in accordance with the requirements of urban transport, and the normal drainage of surface water from city territories is ensured. It is important in creating the necessary conditions for the development of microdistrict territories, and solves particular problems regarding the high-rise arrangement of parts of the city, individual buildings and structures.

Vertical layout of urban areas- this is a change in the natural topography of the area by cutting and adding soil, softening slopes, etc. in relation to the requirements of planning and urban development. With the help of vertical planning, the terrain is adapted for the construction of a city, a complex of buildings or an individual object. Vertical planning measures largely depend on the topography. For the purposes of urban planning, a distinction is made between favorable and unfavorable terrain. Favorable relief has the following urban planning gradations depending on the slope (%): calm - 0...0.4; flat - 0.4...3 and slightly rugged - 3...6. With such a topography, the construction of the city as a whole with the laying of streets, the organization of surface water drainage, and the construction of residential, public and industrial facilities does not require a significant scale of vertical planning. Unfavorable terrain is assessed as rugged with a slope of 6...10%, very rugged with a slope of 10...20%, very rugged with a slope of 20% and mountainous. The construction of cities and individual structures on such terrain is carried out in exceptional cases and requires large-scale vertical planning. The cost of construction in such areas increases significantly. Typically, the cost of vertical planning is 2...3% of the total cost of any construction, be it an entire city or a separate object. Vertical terrain planning is part of any project and is carried out during the initial period of both design and construction.

Vertical planning work is aimed mainly at changing the microrelief. With a vertical layout, the natural topography is usually preserved as much as possible. The volume of work for partial transformation of the relief with a slope of 0.4...10% is 800...1500 m 3 /ha, for the relief with a slope above 10% - 3000 m 3 /ha. However, in exceptional cases, a radical change in the relief may be necessary. It is carried out during complex engineering and reclamation measures: filling ravines, punching through city highways, and continuous filling of the territory. For work volumes exceeding 1 million m 3, hydromechanization is used, and for work volumes exceeding 1.5 million m 3, explosive excavation is used. For smaller volumes of moved earth masses, vertical leveling is carried out using earth-moving equipment.

The basic principle vertical layout is the principle of balancing earth masses. This means that it is necessary to comply with the condition under which the balance of earth masses should be close to zero. Zero earth mass balance is the best option. It means equal volumes of excavations and embankments. If these volumes do not coincide, then additional transportation costs are required, which increases the cost of construction. To determine the balance of earth masses in a work organization project, a cartogram of earthworks is drawn up.

The main objectives of the vertical planning of green areas are:

• - ensuring the drainage of excess surface water - rain, flood, melt;
• - creating conditions for convenient movement of pedestrians and vehicles along roads, garden paths, alleys, as well as stay, recreation, and games on playgrounds;
• - creation of plastically expressive forms of relief in accordance with the designer’s plan, or maximum adaptation of the existing relief;
• - creation of favorable conditions for the growth of valuable vegetation - trees, shrubs, herbaceous associations;
• - organization of relief in order to eliminate the phenomena of soil erosion, strengthen slopes, steep banks of reservoirs by installing special structures;
• - organization of relief in rough terrain by installing special structures - stairs, retaining walls, slopes, terraces.

The main methods of vertical planning are: The method of design - longitudinal and transverse - profiles. This method is used for vertical planning of large linear structures, such as streets and highways, driveways, park alleys and roads (Fig. 4). Method of design - “red” - contours. This method is used, as a rule, when designing individual objects and their sections. Its essence lies in the design of a new relief in design contours in accordance with the assigned tasks. In this case, in the drawing, relief sections are given depending on the scale of the plan and the relief of the territory. Thus, with a territory plan scale of 1:2,000, the relief cross-section is 1.0 or 0.5 m; at a scale of 1:1,000 - 0.5 or 0.2 m; at a scale of 1:500 - 0.5 or 0.2; 0.1 m. For terrain with uniform slopes, design horizontal lines with a relief section of 0.5 m are applied.

In the practice of developing a vertical planning project for the territories of parks, gardens, squares, boulevards, as well as their individual planning elements - platforms, alleys, garden paths - as a rule, the method of design contours is used in combination with the method of longitudinal and transverse profiles. The vertical planning project for the green area is carried out on the basis of the general vertical planning project for the territory of the city, district, adjacent highways and streets. The green area should be “tied” along vertical marks to adjacent elements of the urban layout. To develop projects for vertical planning of territories and carry out projects in nature, knowledge and practical skills acquired in the discipline “Engineering Geodesy” are required. In order to begin developing a vertical layout project for the territory, you need to know:

• - types and forms of relief of the green area - hill, saddle, hillock, thalweg, etc.;
• - depicting the relief with horizontal lines and “reading” the relief according to the topographic survey plan;
• - main relief indicators - cross-section of horizontal lines, slopes of the surface of the territory and individual sections;
• - techniques for finding existing relief marks between horizontal lines and calculating surface slopes in different areas of the territory. Examples are shown in Fig. 5.

The design of the vertical layout of a landscaping facility is carried out, as a rule, in the following sequence:

• 1) design of alleys, park roads, paths, sites for various purposes; these are planning elements of the territory that require strict adherence to the permissible surface slopes (Table 1);
• 2) designing areas intended for green spaces, that is, for lawns, flower beds, planting trees and shrubs; These are planning elements that allow various surface slopes and “interruption” of the relief with slopes and retaining walls. The vertical planning project for a green area - garden, boulevard, square, park - is being carried out in stages, in three stages. The drawing of the general plan of the facility is taken as a basis. The first stage is the development of a vertical layout scheme for the territory or the construction of its high-rise frame, determining the general high-rise solution of the territory based on design elevations and surface slopes that ensure the organization of surface and melt water flow. The second stage is a detailed project for the vertical solution of the territory by establishing new, “red” horizontal lines and designing a new relief of the territory. The third stage is the working stage, development of a cartogram of earthworks with calculation of the volumes of soil exported and imported to the site. At the first design stage, the following operations are performed.
• 1. The relief of the object is studied, in the drawing arrows show the general slopes throughout the territory and in its individual sections, drainage areas are identified, relief forms are analyzed, possible changes in the relief are outlined, places with a flat relief for sites, with depressions (depressions) for reservoirs and etc., the boundaries of the territory are clarified - “red lines”.
• 2. Existing relief marks at reference points are determined:
  • - at points along the “red lines” that limit the landscaping object, - at entry points to the territory, at points at the corners of entrance areas, on the axes of roads, paths;
  • - at the intersections of the axes of park roads, alleys, paths;
  • - at the corner points of the platforms and at the junction points of the platform and the track;
  • - in the centers of the platforms - circle, oval, rectangle, etc.;
  • - at points on the axis of the beginning and end of the tracks and at the points of characteristic bends of the tracks;
  • - at corner points of road intersections;
  • - in characteristic areas of relief fracture throughout the territory (Fig. 5).

A necessary design condition is to link the surface of the green area to the red lines of adjacent city highways, streets, etc.

• 3. Using the center lines of the road and path network and sites, slopes are calculated using the marks of the points found. The requirements for the slopes of the surface of paths and platforms are taken as a basis. If the slopes of the analyzed sections are greater or less than the maximum values, then new slopes are designed for the sections and design “red” marks are determined. Then the working elevations are calculated - the difference between the design and existing elevations. Working marks show the volumes of cutting or filling of soil in a given location (Fig. 6).
• 4. Having developed a vertical layout scheme and received a “high-rise frame” of the facility’s territory, they outline the directions of surface water flow, establish lines of open storm drainage trays, areas where there should be water-absorbing wells - at the intersections of main alleys, in places without drainage, exits to the city storm water system sewerage (Fig. 6). Establishment of transverse slopes and profiles of park roads and alleys in accordance with existing requirements.

Table 1. Slopes of the road and path network and surfaces of certain types of sites

The central path is given a gable transverse profile, and the side paths are given a single-pitch profile. Example. When assessing the longitudinal slope of a park road, the location on the axis of a point with a given elevation R, located between points A and B, whose elevations are known, is determined. The position of the desired point C is found using the formula:

You can find the position of the desired point graphically. To do this, at points A and B, perpendiculars to line AB are restored in directions opposite to it, on which the excesses of points A and B relative to C are plotted on one arbitrary scale. The sought point lies at the intersection of line AB with the line connecting the ends of the perpendiculars. By measuring the distance from point A to the point of intersection of two lines, we obtain the required distance. The second stage is the design of the vertical layout with the design horizontals. The basis is taken as a drawing of a vertical layout scheme, that is, the resulting solution for the high-rise frame of the territory, the establishment of design elevations and slopes, the fundamental decision and organization of surface water flow by determining the directions of flow.

Based on the established longitudinal slopes of park roads and the accepted cross-section of the design contour lines (for example, 0.1 m), their position in the horizontal plane is determined at the accepted scale (M 1:500). For this purpose, lines are “graduated” along the axes of roads > alleys, at intersections, along the lines of open trays. An open tray is a device designed to collect and drain surface rain and melt water. Trays are made of concrete, stone paving stones, bricks and other materials.

Example. Construction of design contours of a section of a park road with a sidewalk. When designing a park road, first determine the elevations of the design contours along the axes and in the trays of the park road. In Fig. Figure 7 shows an example of grading and constructing contours of a section of a landscaped park road, which has a pronounced transverse profile of a parabolic shape, a ridge (axis), open trays along its contours, a main part for limited traffic and a sidewalk for pedestrian traffic. The site has a longitudinal slope or (ppm), transverse slope or 20%. The sidewalk has a single-pitch profile with a transverse slope. . The main part of the road is separated from the sidewalk by a side stone (curb), rising 0.10 m above the roadway. Lines, lines of open trays used to collect and drain surface water. The cross sections of the road show the points section (1-1) and (section II-II), at which it is necessary to determine from the mark of the tray, ridge and curb. Using the value, determine the position of contour lines that are multiples of one meter (152.00 and 151.00 m) on the ridge, tray and curb. First, determine the marks of the points on the ridge, tray and border in section 1-1. Considering that the point elevation is 150.75 m and the road width is 8 m, the point elevations are calculated at the beginning of the point elevations on the ridge, tray and curb in section 1-1. I = 150.75-0.02-4 = 150.67 m. With a sidewalk width of 3 m, the marks of its points At and At* will be respectively equal to 150.67 + 0.1 = 150.77 m and 150, 77 + 0.02-3 = 150.83 m. The elevation of point Ab - the edge is 150.83 + 0.1 = 150.93 m. Then, using the dependence-excess, m; ix - longitudinal slope of the road; M scale of the plan, calculate the distance along the ridge from the horizontal point of 151.00 m on a plan of scale 1:500.

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Substituting the required values ​​into the specified formula, we obtain the required distance, which will be equal to 16.6 mm on the plan scale. Calculate the position of the horizontal line with a mark of 151.00 m on the edge, sidewalk, tray using the above dependence. The required distances relative to the points will be equal to 33 mm; relative to the points relative to the point, relative to the point Having set aside the calculated corresponding distances from section I-I along the lines of the ridge, tray, sidewalk and edge and connecting the successively obtained points, we will form a horizontal line with an elevation of 151.00 m. It will take the form shown in Fig. 31. Having determined the position of contour lines 152.00 and 153.00 m in the same way, it is not difficult to determine the position of contour lines that are multiples of 0.1 m, both along the ridge and along the trays. The orientation of the horizontal lines along the sidewalk of the park road is opposite to their position on the main part of the road, which is explained by the single-slope profile of the sidewalk. When drawing horizontal lines, they bend at an angle a, the magnitude of which depends on the magnitude of the longitudinal and relative to the transverse slope points of the roadway

The greater the cross slope, the smaller the angle. Construction of design contours at the intersection of a park road. The intersection of the park road is the main planning node when designing a vertical layout. The main requirements when designing an intersection are the ease of movement of pedestrians in different directions, ensuring the flow of surface water, and connecting road surfaces. An intersection is the intersection of several planes with slopes of different magnitude and direction. The transition from the transverse profile of the alley is carried out with a “razmostka”, with the help of which the transition is made from a gable profile to a single-pitch one. When approaching an intersection, clearing is done by moving the crests of one road (usually an auxiliary road) or the crests of both roads to the corners of the intersection. The gable profile of a secondary road is converted into a single-slope one: the design is “conjugation into a tray”. In this case, the slope of the secondary road is equal to the longitudinal slope of the main road.